Carpet is a textile floor covering that usually consists of a top layer of pile attached to the backing. The pile is traditionally made of wool, but, since the 20th century, synthetic fibers such as polypropylene, nylon or polyester are often used, because these fibers are cheaper than wool. The pile usually consists of a crooked tassel that is usually heated to maintain its structure. The term "carpet" is often used interchangeably with the term "carpet", although the term "carpet" can be applied to floor coverings that cover the entire house, whereas "carpets" are generally no larger than one room, and traditionally do not even reach from one wall to another wall, and usually not even attached as part of the floor.
Carpets are used for a variety of purposes, including isolating one's feet from a cold tile or concrete floor, making the room more comfortable as a place to sit on the floor (for example, while playing with children or as a prayer rug), reducing sounding from walking (especially in apartment buildings ) and add decoration or color to a room. Carpets can be made in any color by using different dyed fibers. Carpets can have different types of patterns and motifs used to decorate the surface. In the 2000s, carpets were used in industrial and commercial companies such as retail and hotel stores and in private homes. In the 2010s, a large number of carpets and rugs were available at many price and quality levels, ranging from cheap, cheap synthetic carpets manufactured in factories and used in commercial buildings for expensive hand-woven high-end handwoven rugs. rich family home.
Carpets can be produced on looms that are very similar to woven fabrics, made with needles, hand-tied (in oriental carpets), made with their piles injected into backing material (called fringes), flat woven, made by linking wool or cotton through meshes of strong fabrics or embroidery. Carpets are generally made in widths of 12 feet (3.7 m) and 15 feet (4.6 m) in the United States, 4 m and 5 m in Europe. Since the 20th century, where wall-to-wall carpeting is required, different carpeted widths can be coated with seaming iron and seam tape (previously sewn together) and mounted on the floor over padded pads using nails, tack strips (known in the UK as gripper rods), adhesives, or sometimes decorative metal ladder rods. The wall-to-wall carpets are distinguished from carpets or mats, which are loose floor coverings, because wall-to-wall carpets are fitted to the floor and cover a much larger area.
Child labor is often used in Asia for hand-knitted rugs. GoodWeave labeling schemes used throughout Europe and North America ensure that child labor has not been used: importers pay for labels, and collected revenues are used to monitor production centers and educate previously exploited children.
Video Carpet
Etymology and usage
The term carpet is derived from the ancient French carpite . One derivative of the term states that the French term is derived from the ancient Italian carpita picking . The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the term "carpet" was first used in English at the end of the 13th century, with the meaning of "rough cloth", and by the mid-14th century, "tablecloths, [ or bed sheets ". The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the term came "... from the Old Cardom of France" heavily decorated fabrics, carpets, "from the Latin of the Middle Ages or Old Italian carpita" thick woolen fabrics, "perhaps from carpere Latin "for the card, plucking out," may be so called because it is made of decomposed fabric, torn [d] ed, "plucked." The meaning of the term "carpet" shifted in the 15th century to refer to the floor coverings.
The term "carpet" is often used interchangeably with the term "carpet". Some sources define carpets as stretching from wall to wall. Another definition treats the carpet as a lower quality or smaller size, with the carpet quite often over. The third general definition is that the carpet permanently stays in place while the carpet is placed on the floor. Historically, the term "carpet" was also applied to desk covers and walls, as carpets were not commonly used on the floor in European interiors until the 15th century.
The term "tapestry" was first used in English in the 1550s, meaning "rough cloth". The term is "... of Scandinavian origin; compare Norwegian dialect rugga" coarse cover, "from Old Norse rogg" shaggy tuft, "from Proto-Germanic * rawwa-, possibly related to cloth (n.) And crude (adj.). "The meaning of" rugs ""... evolved into "cover, wrap" (1590s), then "floor mats" (1808) ".
Maps Carpet
Type
Woven
Carpets are produced on looms that are very similar to woven fabrics. Stacks can be fancy or berber. The plush carpet is a pile of pieces and the Berber rug is a pile of circles. There is a new style carpet that combines two styles called carpet cut and loop. Usually many colored threads are used and this process is capable of generating complex patterns from predetermined designs (although some limits apply to certain weaving methods with respect to the accuracy of patterns inside the carpet). These rugs are usually the most expensive because of the relatively slow manufacturing process speed. It is well known in Iran, India, Pakistan and Arabia.
Needle feel
On carpet tied carpet (formally, "piles of additional feed stacks" of carpets), the structural feed yarn alternates with additional feed that rises at right angles to the woven surface. This extra feed is attached to the warp by one of three types of vertices (see below), like the popular lovemaking carpet of the 1970s, to form piles or sleep on the carpet. Knotting by hand is most common in oriental rugs and carpets. Kashmiri carpets are also hand tied. Carpet piles, such as flat carpet, can be woven with a loom. Both vertical and horizontal looms have been used in European and oriental carpet production. The warp thread is formed on the frame of the loom before weaving begins. A number of weavers can work together on the same carpet. A line of knots is finished and cut. Knots are secured with (usually one to four) feed lines. The warp on the woven carpet is usually cotton and the feed is hemp.
There are several bonding styles, but the two main nodes are symmetric (also called Turkish or Ghiordes) and asymmetric (also called Persian or Senna). The contemporary center of tied carpet production is: Lahore and Peshawar (Pakistan), Kashmir (India), Mirzapur, Bhadohi, Tabriz (Iran), Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, North Africa, Nepal, Spain, Turkmenistan, and Tibet. The importance of carpets in Turkmenistan culture is such that the national flag has a vertical red line near the side of the hoist, containing five carpet guls (a design used in producing carpets). Kashmir is known for its silk carpets or hand-knitted wool. Child labor is often used in Asia for hand-knitted rugs. GoodWeave labeling schemes used throughout Europe and North America ensure that child labor has not been used: importers pay for labels, and collected revenues are used to monitor production centers and educate previously exploited children.
Tufted
It is a carpet that the pile is injected into the backing material, which is then tied into a secondary backing made of woven woven or manmade alternative to provide stability. Piles are often shaved to achieve different textures. This is the most common method of domestic carpeting for floor coverings in the world.
More
Carpet hooked is a simple handmade carpet type by pulling pieces of cloth such as wool or cotton through a sturdy cloth trap like a burlap. This type of carpet is now generally made as a handicraft. The process of making hooked carpets is called Rug hooking
Unlike woven carpets, embroidered carpets' do not form on looms. Their pattern is shaped by the application of stitches to the bottom of the fabric (often linen). Tithe stitches and cross stitches are the two most common. Embroidered carpets have traditionally been made by noble ladies and nobles at home, but there have been some commercial making since steel needles were introduced (needles previously made of bone) and woven fabrics rose in the 16th century. Mary, Queen of Scots, is known as Avid shining. The 16th century design usually involves scrolls of wine and flower areas (eg, Bradford carpets). They often combine the coat of arms and the coat of arms. Production continued into the 19th century. The composition of Victorian-embroidered carpets includes very illusionist 3-dimensional flowers. Ceramic carpet patterns made of boxes, called Berlin woolworks, were introduced in Germany in 1804, and became very popular in Britain in the 1830s. Embroidery carpets can also include other features such as shape patterns, or they can even tell a story.
Fiber and yarn
Carpets can be formulated from many natural and synthetic fibers or mixtures. Fiber is selected for durability, appearance, ease of manufacture, and cost. In terms of production scale, the dominant yarn construction is polyamide (nylon) and polypropylene with an estimated 90% of the commercial market.
Nylon
Since the 20th century, nylon is one of the most common materials for carpet construction. Both nylon 6 and nylon 6-6 are used. Nylons can be dyed topically or dyed in a liquid state (dying solution). Nylon can be printed easily and has excellent wear characteristics. Due to the excellent wear resistance of nylon, it is widely used in industrial and commercial carpets. In the carpet, nylon tends to be easily stained because of the coloring sites that exist on the fiber. These dye sites need to be filled to give nylon carpets any type of stain resistance. Because nylon is petroleum, the price varies with the price of oil.
Polypropylene
Polypropylene, a polyolefin stiffer rather than cheaper polyethylene, is used to produce carpet yarn because it is still cheaper than other materials used for carpets. Difficult to dye and not wear and wool or nylon. Polypropylene, sometimes referred to simply as "olefin", is commonly used to build berber carpets. Large berber olefin carpet is usually only suitable for light domestic usage and tends to quickly descend. Berber rugs with smaller loops tend to be more resistant and retain their new appearance longer than large berber loop styles. Commercial grade-level carpets have very small loops, and commercial-grade stacking styles can be well built. When made with polypropylene, the commercial grade style is excellent, making it particularly suitable for areas with heavy pedestrian traffic such as offices. Polypropylene carpets are known to have good stain resistance, but not against oil-based agents. If the stain is set, it is difficult to clean. Commercial-grade carpets can be glued directly to the floor or mounted on 8-pound, 8-pound bearing pads. Open grass rugs are usually made of polypropylene.
Wool and wool-blends
Wool has excellent durability, can be dyed easily and quite abundantly. When mixed with synthetic fibers such as nylon, the wool endurance increases. Mixed wool yarns are widely used in the production of modern carpets, with the most common mixture being 80% wool to 20% synthetic fibers, giving rise to the term "80/20". Wool is relatively expensive and consequently consists of only a small part of the market.
Polyester
Polyesters known as "PET" (polyethylene terephthalate) are used in the manufacture of carpets in both spun and filament construction. After raw material prices for many types of carpets rose in the early 2000s, polyester became more competitive. Polyester has good physical properties and is inherently stain resistant because it is hydrophobic, and, unlike nylon, has no dyeing site. The color is infused in a liquid state (dipping solution). Polyesters have losses that tend to be easily broken or bent easily. Usually used on carpet with moderate price to low price.
Another polyester, "PTT" (Polytrimethylene terephthalate), also called Sorona or 3GT (Dupont) or Corterra (Shell), is a variant of PET. Lurgi Zimmer PTT was first patented in 1941, but was not manufactured until the 1990s, when Shell Chemicals developed a low cost method of producing high quality propanediol 1,3 (PDO), the starting material for PTT Corterra Polymers. DuPont then commercialized biological processes to make 1,3-propanediol from corn syrup, delivering significant renewable content on Sorona fiber related polyester carpets. This carpet fiber has a resistance that is comparable to nylon.
Acrylic
Acrylic is the first synthetic material manufactured by Dupont Corporation in 1941 but has undergone various changes since it was first introduced. In the past, acrylic carpets were used for fuzz or "pills" with ease. This happens when fibers are degraded over time and short strands break with contact or friction. Over the years, new types of acrylics have been developed to address some of these problems, although the problem has not been completely removed. Acrylic is quite difficult to color but its color is fast, washable, and has the feel and appearance of wool, making it a nice rug fabric.
History
Hollow carpets may originate from the Caspian Sea region (Northern Iran) or the Armenian Highlands. Although there is evidence of sheep and sheep shorn for wool and hair spun and knitted as far back as the 7th millennium, the earliest pile carpets survived were the "Pazyryk carpets", dating from the 5th century to the 4th century BC. It was dug by Sergei Ivanovich Rudenko in 1949 from the Pazyryk burial mound in the Altai Mountains in Siberia. This highly colored carpet measures 200 x 183 cm (6'6 "x 6'0") and is framed by a griffin fringe.
Though claimed by many cultures, this square tufted carpet, almost perfectly intact, is considered by many experts to be Caucasian, especially Armenian, origin. The tapestries are woven with double Armenian knots, and the color of red filaments is made of Armenian cochineal. The leading authority of the ancient carpet, Ulrich Schurmann, says of it, "Of all the available evidence I am convinced that the Pazyryk carpet is a funeral accessory and most likely the masterpiece of Armenian workmanship". Gantzhorn agrees with this thesis. It is interesting to note that in the ruins of Persepolis in Iran where various countries are portrayed as a tribute, the design of the horse from the Pazyryk carpet is the same as the relief depicting part of the Armenian delegation. The writings of the historian Herodotus who wrote in the 5th century BC also tell us that the Caucasian people are climbing the beautiful rugs with brilliant colors that will never fade away.
Afghanistan
Recently there has been a surge in demand for Afghan carpets, although many Afghan carpet manufacturers market their products under different country names. Carpets made in Afghanistan, as well as by Afghan refugees living in Pakistan and Iran. The famous Afghan rugs include Shindand or Adraskan (named from local Afghan villages), woven in the Herat region, in western Afghanistan.
Afghan carpets are also quite known as Afghan carpets - is a unique and well recognized handmade material design originating from Afghanistan. They elaborate intricately mainly using designs from traditional tribal designs including Turkmen, Kazakh, Baloch, and Uzbek. Handmade rugs have many patterns and colors, but the traditional and most common example of Afghan carpets is the octagonal elephant leg (Bukhara) - The carpet with this mold is usually red. Many dyes such as vegetable dyes are used to give a rich color.
Armenia
The writing of the historian Herodotus writing in the 5th century BC also tells us that the Caucasian people are treading the beautiful rugs with brilliant colors that will never fade. [23] Various carpet fragments have been excavated in Armenia since the 7th century BC or earlier. The oldest single, living, embroidered carpet of all is the Pazyryk carpet, dug from a frozen grave in Siberia, dating from the 5th century to the 3rd century BC, now at the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg. Petersburg. This square tufted carpet, almost perfectly intact, is considered by many experts to be Caucasian, especially Armenian, origin. The leading authority of the ancient carpet, Ulrich Schurmann, says of it, "Of all the available evidence I am convinced that the Pazyryk carpet is a funeral accessory and most likely the masterpiece of Armenian workmanship". Gantzhorn agrees with this thesis. It is interesting to note that in the ruins of Persepolis in Iran where various countries are portrayed as a tribute, the design of the horse from the Pazyryk carpet is the same as the relief depicting part of the Armenian delegation. The Armenian carpet is famous by foreigners who travel to Artsakh; the geographer and the Arabian historian Al-Masudi noted that, among other works of art, he had never seen such carpets elsewhere in his life.
Art historian Hravard Hakobyan noted that "Artsakh rugs occupy a special place in the history of Armenian carpet making." Common themes and patterns found on Armenian carpets are depictions of dragons and eagles. They are diverse in style, rich in colors and decorative motifs, and even separated in categories depending on what animal species they describe, such as artsvagorgs (hawks-carpets), vishapagorgs dragons) and otsagorgs (snake-carpet). The carpets mentioned in Kaptavan inscriptions consist of three arches, "covered with vegatative ornaments", and have an artistic resemblance to the illuminated manuscripts produced in Artsakh.
The art of weaving the carpet is also closely related to the making of the curtain proved in a passage by Kirakos Gandzaketsi, a 13th-century Armenian historian from Artsakh, who praises Arzu-Khatun, wife of regional prince Vakhtang Khachenatsi, and his daughter for their skill and skill in weaving.
Azerbaijan
Gultapin excavations found several carpet looms from the 4th millennium BC to 3rd. According to Iranica Online " The main weaving zone lies to the east of the southern Transcaucasus mountains that divide the two areas diagonally, this region now composed of SSR Azerbaijan, it is the homeland of the Turks known today as Azeri, ethnic groups also practice weaving , some of them in other parts of the Caucasus, but they are less important. Azerbaijan is one of the most important centers of weaving carpets and as a result, several different schools have evolved.While the traditional school is divided into four main branches, each region has its own carpet version.The schools are divided into four main branches: Cuba-Shirvan, Ganja-Kazakh's weaving school, Baku carpet school, Karabakh school of carpet weaving.
China
Unlike most antique carpet factory practices, Chinese carpets are woven almost exclusively for internal consumption. China has a long history of exporting traditional goods; However, it was only in the first half of the 19th century that Chinese people started exporting their carpets. After contact with western influences, there was a major change in production: the Chinese factory began to produce art-deco rugs with a commercial display and a price point. The centuries-old Chinese textile industry is rich in history. While most antique carpets are classified according to a specific area or factory, experts connect the age of a particular Chinese carpet with the ruling emperor at the time. The earliest surviving craft examples were produced during Chen Ch'ung's time, the last emperor of the Chen Dynasty.
India
Carpet weave may have been introduced to the area as far back as the eleventh century with the arrival of the first Muslim conquerors, Ghaznavids and Ghauris, from the West. This could be more definitely traced to the beginning of the Mughal Dynasty in the early sixteenth century, when the last successor of the East, Babar, extended his power from Kabul to India to find the Mughal Empire. Under Mughal protection, Indian artisans adopted Persian techniques and designs. The carpet woven in Punjab uses the motifs and decorative styles found in the Mughal architecture.
Akbar, a Mughal emperor, was accredited to introduce the art of carpet weaving to India during his reign. The Mughal Emperor degraded the Persian rugs for their royal palaces and palaces. During this period, he brought Persian craftsmen from their homeland and built them in India. Originally, the woven carpet showed a classic Persian style of fine knot. Gradually it is mixed with Indian art. Thus the manufactured carpets became distinctive from Indian origin and gradually the industry began to diversify and spread throughout the sub-continent. During the Mughal period, carpets made in the Indian subcontinent became so famous that their demand spread abroad. These carpets have a distinctive design and have a high knot density. The carpets made for Mughal emperors, including Jahangir and Shah Jahan, are of the highest quality. Under Shah Jahan's rule, Mughal carpet weaving takes a new aesthetic and enters the classical phase. Indian carpets are famous for their design with attention to detail and a realistic attribute presentation. The carpet industry in India is growing more rapidly in the north with major centers found in Kashmir, Jaipur, Agra, and Bhadohi.
Indian carpets are known for their high density. Hand-knitted rugs are a specialty and much in demand in the West. The carpet industry in India has succeeded in building a model of social business that helps the poor. Important examples of social entrepreneurial ventures are the Jaipur, Fabindia carpets.
Another category of Indian carpets that, although quite popular in most western countries, have not received much press, are the Khairabad hand-woven carpets (Citapore carpets). Khairabad small town in Citapore (now spelled as "Sitapur") district of India has been ruled by King Mehmoodabad. Khairabad (Mehmoodabad Estate) is part of Oudh province that has been ruled by shi'i Muslims who have Persian relations. The citapore carpets made in Khairabad and the surrounding area are all hand-woven and different from tufts and hollowed carpets. The flat weave is the basic weaving technique of the Citapore carpet and generally cotton is the main weaving material here but rami, rayon and chenille are also popular. IKEA and Agocha have become major buyers of carpets from this area.
Pakistan
The art of weaving developed in South Asia at a time when some other civilizations used it. Excavations in Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro-the ancient city of the Indus Valley Civilization - have determined that the population uses spindles and spins various weavers. Some historians assume that Indus Valley civilization first developed the use of woven textiles. Until the late 1990s, hand-knitted rugs were one of Pakistan's main export products and the factory was the second largest cottage and small industry. Pakistani craftsmen have the capacity to produce all kinds of carpets using all the popular motifs of gulls, medals, paisleys, traceries, and geometric designs in various combinations. At the time of independence, carpet making was erected in Sangla Hill, a small town of Sheikhupura District. Chaudary Mukhtar Ahmad Maher Janda's son's son introduced and taught this art to local residents and immigrants. He is considered the founder of this industry in Pakistan. Sangla Hill is now a focal point in the Carpet Industry in Pakistan. Almost all exporters and manufacturers who run their business in Lahore, Faisalabad and Karachi have their regional offices on Sangla Hill.
Persian Iran
Persian rugs are part of Persian art and culture (Iran). The carpet wears in Persia are from the Bronze Age. The earliest surviving corpus of Persian rugs dates from the Safavid dynasty (1501-1736) in the 16th century. However, painted depictions prove a longer production history. There are many variations among the classical Persian tapestries of the 16th and 17th centuries. Common motifs include rolling wine, arabesque, palmettes, cloud bands, medals, and overlapping geometric compartments over animals and humans. This is because Islam, the dominant religion in that part of the world, forbids its portrayal. However, some of the performing figures are involved in a hunt or a party scene. Most of these rugs are wool, but some examples of silk produced in Kashan survive.
Iran is also the world's largest producer and exporter of handmade carpets, generating three quarters of the world's total output and owning a 30% share of the world's export market. Iran is also the largest handmade carpet maker in history, measuring 60,546 square feet (equals more than 5600 meters sqaure).
Scandinavian carpets are the most popular of all weaving in modern designs. Favored by influential modern thinkers, designers, and new aesthetic supporters in the mid-twentieth century, Scandinavian carpets have become very widespread in many different places from contemporary interior designs. With a long history of adaptation and evolution, Scandinavian carpet making traditions are one of the most famous of all European carpet-making traditions.
Turkish
Turkish rugs (also known as Anatolian), whether hand knotted or woven flat, are one of the world's most famous and famous works of crafts. Historically: religious, cultural, environmental, socio-political and socioeconomic conditions create vast utilitarian needs and have provided artistic inspiration among many ethnic and ethnic groups in Central Asia and Turkey. Turkish people; nomadic or pastoral residents, agrarian or city dwellers, living in tents or in luxury homes in big cities, have protected themselves from extreme cold weather by covering the floor, and sometimes walls and doors, with carpets and rugs. Carpets are always made of wool or sometimes cotton, with occasional silk extras. These carpets are a natural barrier against the cold. Turkish rugs and kilims are also often used as tent decorations, oat bags, camel and donkey bags, ground cushions, oven covers, sofa covers, beds and pillowcases, blankets, curtains, dining quilts, table spreads, prayer rugs and for events ceremonial ceremony.
The oldest record of flat kilims of woven fabric comes from the ÃÆ' â € Å" atalhÃÆ'¶yÃÆ'¼k of Neolithic pottery, about 7000 BC. One of the oldest settlements ever found, ÃÆ' â € ¡atalhÃÆ'¶yÃÆ'¼k lies to the southeast of Konya in the middle of the Anatolian region. Excavations to date (only 3% of the city) not only find carbonization cloth but also pieces of kilims painted on the walls of some dwellings. The majority of them represent geometric and stylish shapes that are similar or identical to other historical and contemporary designs.
The tied rugs are believed to have reached Asia Minor and the Middle East with the expansion of various nomadic tribes during the last period of Turkey's great migration in the 8th and 9th centuries. Famously portrayed in Europe's Renaissance paintings, beautiful Anatolian rugs are often used from then to modern times, to show the high economic and social status of their owners.
Women learn their weaving skills at an early age, take months or even years to complete beautiful pile carpets and flat woven fabrics that are created for use in every aspect of everyday life. As in most weaving cultures, traditionally and almost exclusively, are women and girls who are both weavers and weavers.
Turkmen
The TÃÆ'¼rkmen rug (also called "Bukhara Uzbekistan") is a kind of handmade floor textile covering traditionally derived from Central Asia. Useful to distinguish between indigenous carpets of Turkmenistan tribes and carpets produced in large quantities for export in the 2000s, especially in Pakistan and Iran. The original Turkmen rugs were produced by Turkmen tribes who are the main ethnic group in Turkmenistan and also found in Afghanistan and Iran. They are used for various purposes, including carpet tents, door ornaments and bags of various sizes.
Oriental oriental carpets in Europe
The oriental carpets began to appear in Europe after the 11th century Crusade, due to contact with the Crusaders with Eastern merchants. Until the mid-18th century they were mostly used on walls and tables. Except in royal or ecclesiastical settings, they are considered too valuable to cover the floor. Ranging from 13th century oriental carp began to appear in paintings (mainly from Italy, Flanders, England, France, and Holland). Indo-Persian design carpets were introduced to Europe through the Dutch, British, and French Eastern Indian Companies in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Spanish
Despite examples of isolated carpet production prior to the Muslim invasion of Spain, the example of Hispano-Moresque is the earliest body of European-made carpets. Documentary evidence suggests production began in Spain as early as the 10th century. The earliest of the earliest Spanish rugs, called the Synagogue carpet at the Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin, is a unique survival dating to the 14th century. The earliest group of Hispano-Moresque rugs, Admiral carpets (also known as armorial carpets), have a geometrical, repetitive pattern punctuated by blazons of nobles, Spanish Christian families. These designs are analyzed most closely by May Beattie. Many of the Spanish rugs of the 15th century rely heavily on designs originally developed on the Anatolian Peninsula. Carpet production continued after the Spanish Redemption and finally the expulsion of the Muslim population in the 15th century. The design of Spanish rugs The 16th century Renaissance is a derivative of silk textile design. Two of the most popular motifs are bouquets and pomegranates.
During the period of Moorish (Muslim) production took place in Alcaraz in the province of Murcia, as well as recorded in other cities. The production of carpets after the Christian conquest continued in Alcaraz while Cuenca, first recorded as a woven center in the 12th century, became increasingly important, and dominant in the 17th century and early 18th century. A completely different French design carpet began to be woven in the royal workshop, the Royal Tapestry Factory (Real FÃÆ'¡brica de Tapices de Santa BÃÆ'¡rbara) in Madrid in the 18th century. Cuenca was closed by the Carlos IV royal title at the end of the 18th century to stop it competing with the new workshop. Madrid continued as a woven center until the 20th century, producing brightly colored carpets, most of which were heavily influenced by French carpet designs, and often signed (sometimes with the MD monogram, also sometimes with the name Stuyck) and the date on the line outside. After the Spanish civil war, General Franco revived the carpet weaving industry in a workshop named after him, weaving designs influenced by previous Spanish carpets, usually in a very limited color range.
Serbian
Pirot Carpet (Serbian: ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? Eastern Serbia Pirot kilims with around 122 ornaments and 96 different types have been protected by geographical indication in 2002. They are one of the most important traditional handicrafts in Serbia At the end of the 19th century and up to the Second World War, the kilot of Pirot has often been used as a symbol of the Serbian and Yugoslavian royalties.This tradition was revived in 2011 when Pirot kilims were reintroduced to state ceremonies in Serbia.Carpets loom in Pirot date back to the Middle Ages.One of the first mention of the kilot Pirot in written sources dates from 1565, when it was said that the "ajka" vessels at Danube and Drava were covered with Pirot rifles.The pirot was once the center of the most important carpet making in the Balkans. on the historic main thoroughfare gkan Central Europe with Constantinople. Police are also known as "Turkish arkÃÆ'¶y." Pirot carpet varieties are also found in Bulgaria and Turkey, and in many other international collections One of the main qualities is the color effects achieved through the selection and color setting.
At the beginning of 19th century plant dyes were replaced by aniline dyes. "The country's best product is the Pirot carpet, worth about ten shillings a square meter.The design is very beautiful, and the carpet, without being so heavy as Persia, or so ragged and a bit on the web and woof as Caramanian, is used for good. this is almost entirely restricted to Pirot.Of the old Turkish Pirots marking as "arkÃÆ'¶y stems the traditional trade name of the carpet as" arkÃÆ'¶y-kilims. "Stemming from homonym to Turkish today completion of" arkÃÆ'¶y in Thracia, which has no tradition making carpets, "arkÃÆ'¶ys are often considered to be from Turkey, and also in the carpet-selling industry," arkÃÆ'¶y are mostly labeled as oriental or Turkish. "The origin is to be easier to sell to unknown customers because they prefer carpets to the origin originally allegedly.Actually, arka has been established from the 17th century in the Western Balkan mountains or Stara Planina in the towns of Pirot, B erkowiza, Lom, C hyprovtsi and Samokow. Then they are also produced in Knja? Evac and Caribrod.
Bulgarian
Carpet Chiprovtsi (???????????) is a kind of handmade carpets with two completely identical sides, part of Bulgarian national heritage, tradition, art and craft. Its name comes from the town of Chiprovtsi where their production began in the 17th century. The carpet tapestry industry played a key role in Chiprovtsi's revival in the 1720s after the destruction of the failed Chiprovtsi 1688 Rebellion against Ottoman rule. Western travelers Ami BouÃÆ'Â ©, who visited Chiprovtsi in 1836-1838, reported that "especially young girls, under shade or in corridors, are involved in weaving carpets, they only earn five francs a month and the payments are even lower before". By 1868, the annual production of carpets in Chiprovtsi had surpassed 14,000 square meters. In 1896, nearly 1,400 women from Chiprovtsi and the area were involved in weaving carpets. In 1920, the locals established the Workers' Society of the carpet-co-operative community, the first of its kind in the country. Right now. carpet ( kilim ) industry remains dominant in the city. The carpets have been made according to the traditional design, but in the last few years it is up to the customers to determine the carpet pattern they order. Making a single carpet 3 times 4 m (9.8 times 13.1 feet) takes about 50 days; especially women involved in weaving carpets. The work is fully manual and all materials used are natural; the main ingredient is wool, colored using plants or mineral dyes. Local carpets have been appreciated at exhibitions in London, Paris, LiÃÆ'¨ge and Brussels. However, in recent decades, the Chiprovtsi carpet industry has declined due to the loss of its overseas market. As a result, cities and municipalities experienced a demographic crisis.
French
In 1608 Henry IV began the production of French "Turkish style" rugs under the direction of Pierre DuPont. This production was immediately transferred to the Savonnerie plant at Chaillot in western Paris. The earliest and most famous group produced by Savonnerie, then under Simon Lourdet's direction, was a carpet produced in the early years of Louis XIV's reign. They are decorated with flowers, sometimes in vases or baskets, in deep blue or brown colors. The design is based on Netherlandish and Flemish textiles and paintings. The most famous Savonnerie rugs are the series made for the Grande Galerie and Galerie d'Apollon at the Palais du Louvre between c. 1665-1685. The 105 works, created under the artistic direction of Charles Le Brun, were never installed, when Louis XIV moved the castle to Versailles in 1688. Their design incorporated the rich acanthus leaves, architectural frames, and mythological landscape (inspired by Iconologie Cesare Ripa) with the symbol of the royal power of Louis XIV.
Pierre-Josse Perrot is the most famous of the mid-eighteenth century carpet designers. His numerous works and drawings feature elegant rococo pictures, middle roses, shells, acanthus leaves, and flower decorations. The Savonnerie factory was transferred to the Gobelins in Paris in 1826. The Beauvais factory, better known for their rugs, also made pile carpets from 1780 to 1792. Production of carpets in privately owned small workshops in the town of Aubusson began in 1743. Carpets produced in France using symmetric nodes.
English
The carpet weave knitted on the carpet probably came to England in the early 16th century with Flemish Calvinists who escaped the religious persecution. Since many of these weavers settled in South East England in Norwich, the extant carpets 14 and 17 of the century are sometimes referred to as "Norwich carpets." These works are adaptations of Anatolian or Indo-Persian designs or use Elizabethan-Jacobean scrolling vines and blossoms. All but one date or bear symbol. Like France, English weavers use symmetrical nodes. There are examples of documented and surviving carpets from three 18th-century manufacturers: Exeter (1756-1761, owned by Claude Passavant, 3 existing carpets), Moorfields (1752-1806, owned by Thomas Moore, 5 extant rugs ), and Axminster (1755-1835, owned by Thomas Whitty, many rugs that still exist). Exeter and Moorfield both have weaver intruders from French Savonnerie and, therefore, use the factory's weaving structures and Perrot-inspired designs. The neoclassical designer Robert Adam provides designs for Moorfields and Axminster carpets based on Roman floor mosaics and storied ceilings. Some of the most famous carpets of the designs are made for Syon House, Osterley House, Harewood House, Saltram House, and Newby Hall.
Axminster Carpet is a unique floor cover originally made at a factory set up in Axminster, Devon, England, in 1755 by Thomas Whitty weavers. Similar to the Savonnerie carpets produced in France, Axminster carpets are symmetrically tied up by hand in wool on woolen windings and have hemp or hemp feed. Like French rugs, they often feature Renaissance architecture or floral patterns; others mimic oriental patterns. Similar carpets were produced at the same time in Exeter and in the Moorfields section of London and, shortly before, at Fulham in Middlesex. Whitty's factory was closed in 1835 with the appearance of a machine-made rug. The name Axminster, however, survives as a general term for machine-made carpets whose piles are produced by techniques similar to those used in the manufacture of velvet or chenille.
The Axminster carpet has three main types of broadloom rugs used in use today (woven machines, tufted & hand tied). Carpet woven machines are an investment that will last for 20 or 30 years, and woven Axminster and Wilton carpets are still very popular in areas where age flexibility and design are a big part of purchasing decisions. Hotels and recreational areas almost always choose this type and many homes use Axminsters weaving as a design statement.
Machine-made carpets like Axminster and Wilton are made by large looms that bring together carpet yarns and yarn backs. The end result, which can be intricate patterns, creates a floor that provides the highest subsurface luxuries with high performance. Tufted carpets are also popular at home. They are relatively quick to make - pre-woven support has tufted threads into it. The needle pushes the yarn through backing and which is then held in place with the underlying "looper". Tufted carpets can be tangled, velvet, or pile of circles. The rotary rotary carpet is produced when one or more fibers are twisted in the tufting process, so in the finished carpet they appear to be tied together. Carpet velvet piles tend to have a shorter stack and tighter construction, giving it a smoother and smoother look. The Loop Stack carpet is famous for its hard wear and lend a large texture of carpet. The traditional carpet domains of various continents, hand-knitted boxes and rugs use the skill of the weavers to produce the best quality work. Traditional carpets often feature a deliberate 'mistake' on behalf of the weaver to guarantee its authenticity.
Six of the Axminster carpets are known as the "Lansdowne" group. It has a tripartite design with a reed circle and a flower basket in the center panel flanked by diamond lozenges on the side panel. The Axminster Rococo design often has brown soil and includes birds that are copied from popular contemporary carvings. Even now a large percentage of the city's 55,000 inhabitants are still looking for jobs in the industry. The town of Wilton, Wiltshire is also known for its carpets, dating from the 18th century.
The Brussels Loom was introduced to England in the mid-eighteenth century marking the start of a new era in carpet-weaving. This is the first loom in which a pile carpet can be mechanically woven, a stack consisting of a series of windings, formed on top of a wire inserted above weftwise during weaving and then withdrawn. Brussels was the first type of carpet woven in a loom that incorporated the Jacquard pattern selection mechanism and in 1849, power was applied to the loom by Biglow in the US.
Then when the bladed wire developed a pile of broken loops on the pulling of the knife wire to produce a carpet known as Wilton, after this development the loom became known as Wilton weaving, and in modern use the designation of Wilton applies to both cut-pile and carpet-made loops in this loom. The latter is now widely described as Brussels-Wilton, Wilton, Wilton, Wilton, and round-jacquard wires. The method of making, including the principles of design, the preparation process, and the weaving, is similar in many respects to both the quality of Brussels and Wilton. The main difference between the two is that while the Brussels pile-loop is secured satisfactorily by the insertion of two feed picks for each wire (2-shot), the Wilton cut-pile is woven more often with three picks of weft to each wire (3-shot) for ensuring that the tassels are securely secured on the carpet mats.
The carpets in Brussels have a slightly striped surface and their pattern is well defined, a distinctive feature of the carpet. The thickness of the stack instead of the height contributes to neat appearance and hard wearing properties, although they do not simulate the luxury of a carpet that is cut down. Brussels Wilton Carpets were originally produced on 27-inch (3/4) looms and stitched together by hand. The looms can combine up to 5 frames all with different colors allowing the pattern or pattern of the carpet to be produced. With judiciously colored and highly skilled colors within the frame, the number of colors can be increased to about twenty, thus allowing very complex designs to be produced. Because of the additional cost in the delivery of this carpet is usually only produced for bespoke markets.
After the first World War, carpets began to be produced for the general market using designs and popular colourways but they always remained at the luxury end of the common market. The growing middle class in the twentieth century aspired to buy Wilton carpets for their 'best' rooms. Despite the impact of industrialization, the areas where Brussels Wilton rugs were manufactured remained centered mainly in the Midlands around the towns of Wilton and Kidderminster and in West Yorkshire where the company of John Crossley and Sons in Halifax became synonymous with carpet making. There are smaller manufacturing areas in Scotland and Durham. With the development of different manufacturing methods and looms capable of mass-producing carpets, the public began to change their cages, including carpets, on a regular basis, which increased the demand for carpets. The last quarter of the 20th century witnessed the rapid decline of the labor-intensive Brussels Wilton carpet. Very few of the original ¾ Wilton weaving is still there and some are either in the museum or used by small producers who continue to produce bespoke (custom-made) elegant carpets for the elite and to replace the carpets in historic buildings in the UK and abroad.
Carpets and modern installations
Carpets are generally made in widths of 12 feet (3.7 m) and 15 feet (4.6 m) in the US, 4 m and 5 m in Europe. If required, different widths can be coated together with seaming iron and seam tape (previously sewn together) and mounted on the floor over a padded base (pad) using nails, tack strips (known in the UK as gripper rods), adhesives, or sometimes - sometimes decorative metal ladders, so as to distinguish them from carpets or mats, which are loose floor coverings. For environmental reasons, the use of wool, natural bindings, natural padding, and formaldehyde glue are becoming more common. These options are almost always at a premium.
In the UK, some carpets are still manufactured for cruises, hotels, pubs and clubs with a narrow width of 27 inches (0.69 m) and then sewn to size. The carpet that covers the entire area of ​​the room is loosely called 'wall-to-wall', but the carpet can be mounted on top of each part with the use of a precise transition mold where the carpet meets with other types of floor coverings. Carpets are more than just a single item; it is, in fact, a system consisting of the carpet itself, carpet mats (often made of latex), pads, and mounting methods. Carpet tiles are also available, usually 50 centimeters (20 inches). It's usually only used in commercial settings and affixed with a special pressure-sensitive glue, which holds it in place while allowing easy removal (in the office environment, for example) or to allow rearrangement to spread wear.
"Carpet binding" is the term used for any material that is applied to the edge of the carpet to make the carpet. Carpet binding is usually cotton or nylon, but it also comes in many other materials such as leather. Non-synthetic binding is often used with bamboo, grass and wool rugs, but is often used with rugs made from other materials.
In figurative culture and expression
There are many stories about the magic carpet, a legendary flying carpet that can be used to transport the people in it instantly or quickly to their destination. Disney's Aladdin describes the magic carpet found by Aladdin and Abu in the Cave of Wonders while trying to find Genie's lights. Aladdin and Jasmine rode him to go around the world. The term "[m] carpet agic was first proved in 1816. From the 16th century to the 19th century, the term" carpet "was used"... as an adjective often with an insult tone, when used men (like in a carpet knight, 1570s), "which means a man associated with"... luxury, women's rooms, and living room. " Throwing red carpet is an Expression which means welcoming guests with wasteful and expensive In some cases, the actual red carpet is used for VIPs and celebrities to walk, like at the Cannes Film Festival and when foreign officials are welcomed in a country.
In the 1820s, the English waiter's slang, being someone's "carpet" meant calling them to rebuke. To be summoned on the carpet means to be called for a serious reason, usually a rebuke; this date of use from 1900. A stronger variant of this phrase, to be "transported on the carpet", implies a firmer reprimand. Carpet bombing is a type of bombing of aircraft developed in the 20th century where the whole city was bombed (rather than an attack on military targets). The slang expressions "laughing on the carpet" means vomiting on the floor (especially carpeted floors). The phrase "on the carpet" refers to the issue being discussed or considered. The term "carpet muncher" is a derogatory term for a lesbian woman; this phrase was first proven in 1992.
A long carpet bag, which literally refers to a suitcase made of a piece of carpet, is used in some figurative contexts. The term gained popular use after the American Civil War to refer to adventurers, Northerners who moved to the South after the war, especially during the Reconstruction era (1865-1877). Carpetbaggers are allegedly manipulated politically and controlled by former Confederate states for financial gain and power. In modern usage in the US, the term is sometimes used mockingly to refer to a politician running for public office in an area where he has no deep community bond, or only a short life span. In the UK, the term is adopted to refer informally to those who join a joint organization, such as a building community, to force it to demutualize, that is, to convert into a joint-stock company, solely for personal financial gain.
Carpet cutting is a slang term for dancing originating from 1942. The use of the term "tapestry" as an informal term for "wigs" (male wigs) is a theater slang from 1940. The term "sweeps [something ] under the carpet "or" sweeping [something] under the carpet "figuratively refers to situations in which a person or organization hides something embarrassing or negative; The use of this was first recorded in 1953. The phrase "drawing carpets from below (somebody)", meaning "suddenly losing important support" was first proven in 1936, in American English. A figurative expression used centuries before was "cutting grass under the feet (someone)", evidenced in the 1580s. A "rugrat" or "rug-rat" is a slang term for a baby or child, first proven in 1968. The expression "as comfortable as a bug on the carpet" means "wrapped tight, warm, and comfortable". "Lying like a rug" means "lie without shame". The phrase "pulling the carpet out (from under someone)" means "getting someone or someone's plan down" or "interrupting someone's plan".
See also
- Floor cleaning
- Heatsetting
- William Morris
References
Further reading
- Walker, Daniel (1997). Flowers underfoot: Indian carpets in the Mughal era. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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