Lapis lazuli , or ply for short, is a dark blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious stone that has been appreciated since ancient times for color intense. At the beginning of the 7th millennium BC, lapis lazuli are mined at the Sar-i Sang mine, in Shortugai, and at other mines in Badakhshan province in northeastern Afghanistan. Lapis is greatly appreciated by the Indus Valley Civilizations (3300-1900 BC). The Lapis beads have been found at the Neolithic cemetery in Mehrgarh, the Caucasus, and even as far from Afghanistan as Mauritania. It was used in Tutankhamun's funeral mask (1341-1323 BC).
At the end of the Middle Ages, lapis lazuli began to be exported to Europe, where it was ground into powder and made into ultramarine, the best and most expensive blue pigment. It was used by some of the most important artists of the Renaissance and Baroque, including Masaccio, Perugino, Titian and Vermeer, and often reserved for the clothing of their central figure, especially the Virgin Mary.
Currently, mines in northeastern Afghanistan and Pakistan are still the main source of lapis lazuli. Important quantities are also produced from the mines in the western Lake Baikal in Russia, and in the Andes Mountains in Chile. Smaller quantities are mined in Italy, Mongolia, the United States, and Canada.
Video Lapis lazuli
Etymology
Layers is the Latin word for "rock" and lazuli is the genitive form of Latin Medieval lazulum , extracted from Arabic ?????? l? jaward , own from Persian language ?????? l? jevard , which is the name of stone in Persia and also the place where lapis lazuli is mined.
Maps Lapis lazuli
Science and use
Composition
The most important mineral components of the lapis lazuli are lazurite (25% to 40%), feldspathoid mineral silicates with the formula (Na, Ca) 8 (AlSiO 4 ) 6 (S, SO 4 , Cl) 1-2 . Most layers of lazuli also contain calcite (white), sodalite (blue), and pyrite (metallic yellow). Some examples of lapis lazuli contain augite; diopside; enstatite; mica; hauinit; hornblende, nosean, and lÃÆ'¶llingite sulfur geyerite .
Lapis lazuli usually occur in crystal marble as a result of contact metamorphosis.
Color
The intense blue color is due to the presence of trisulfur ( S
3 ) radical anion in crystal. Electronic excitation of an electron from the highest double-charged molecular orbitals (No. 24) into the lowest-filled orbital (No. 25) produces a very intense uptake line at? max ~ 617Ã, nm.
Source
Lapis lazuli are found in limestone in the Kokcha River valley of Badakhshan province in northeastern Afghanistan, where the Sar-e-Sang mine deposit has been in service for over 6,000 years. Afghanistan is a source of layers for Egyptian and ancient Mesopotamian civilizations, as well as later Greeks and Romans. Ancient Egyptians acquired this material through trade from Afghanistan with the Aryans. During the peak of the Indus Valley Civilization around 2000 BC, the Harappan colony now known as Shortugai was erected near the pit mine.
According to the work of Pierre Bariand's Sorbonne mineralist on modern-day lapis lazuli sources, and references in Blue Treasure Afghanistan: Lapis Lazuli (2011) by Lailee McNair Bakhtiar, lapis lazuli found in "caves" did not are considered traditional "mines" and lazuli stones are from the main source of the Hindu Kush Mountains in the Kochka River Valley in Afghanistan and not in Pakistan.
In addition to the Afghan deposit, layers are also extracted in the Andes (near Ovalle, Chile); and to the west of Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia, at the Tultui Lazurite deposit. It is mined in smaller quantities in Angola; Argentina; Burma; Pakistan; Canada; Italian, Indian; and in the United States in California and Colorado.
Use and replace
The lining is very fine and can be made into jewelry, carvings, boxes, mosaics, ornaments, small statues, and vases. During Renaissance, Lapis is milled and processed to make ultramarine pigments for use in frescoes and oil paintings. Its use as a pigment in oil paint mostly came to an end in the early 19th century when synthetic chemically identical strains became available.
Lapis lazuli secara komersial disintesis atau disimulasi oleh proses Gilson, yang digunakan untuk membuat fosfat sengat dan fosfat hidrat buatan. Ini juga dapat digantikan oleh spinel atau sodalite, atau oleh jasper atau howlite yang diwarnai.
Sejarah dan seni
Di dunia kuno
Lapis lazuli have been mined in Afghanistan and exported to the Mediterranean and South Asia since Neolithic times. The Lapis lazuli beads have been found in Mehrgarh, a neolithic site near Quetta in Pakistan, on an ancient trade route between Afghanistan and the Indus Valley, dating from the 7th millennium BC. The quantity of these beads has also been found in the 4th millennium BC settlement in North Mesopotamia, and at the Bronze Age site Shahr-e Sukhteh in southeastern Iran (3rd millennium BC). A dagger with a layer handle, a coated bowl, and talismans, beads, and inlays representing eyebrows and beards, are found in the Tomb of the Kingdom of Ur State in the city of Sumerian from the 3rd millennium BC.
Lapis is also used in ancient Mesopotamia by Akkadians, Assyrians, and Babylonians for seals and jewelry. In Mesopotamian poetry, Epic of Gilgamesh (17-18-18 BC), one of the oldest literary works, lapis lazuli is mentioned several times. The Ebih-Il Statue, the 3rd millennium BC statue found in the ancient city-state of Mari in modern Syria, now in the Louvre, uses lapis lazuli inlays for iris.
In ancient Egypt, lapis lazuli was a favorite stone for amulets and ornaments such as scarab. Layered Jewelry has been found in the excavation of the Ancient Egyptian Naqada site (3300-3100 BC). In Karnak, the relief carvings of Thutmose III (1479-1429 BC) showed fragments and layers of lapis lazuli that were sent to him as a tribute. The powdered powder is used as an eyeshadow by Cleopatra.
Jewelry made from lapis lazuli has also been found in Mycenae which proves the connection between Myceneans and advanced civilizations from Egypt and the East.
In the late classical age and at the end of the Middle Ages, lapis lazuli is often called sapphirus in Latin, sappir in Hebrew), although it has nothing to do with today's stone known as various blue corundum sapphires. In his book on stone, Greek scientist Theophrastus describes "sapphirus, who is mottled with gold," a description that fits with lapis lazuli.
There are many references to sapphires in the Old Testament, but most scholars agree that, since sapphires were not known before the Roman Empire, they were most likely references to lapis lazuli. For example, Exodus 24:10: "When they see the God of Israel, and are under his feet as it is a work of paved sapphires.." (KJV). The term used in the Latin Vulgate Bible in this quote is "lapidus sapphiri," the term for lapis lazuli. Modern translations of the Bible, such as the New Living Translation of the Second Edition, refer to lapis lazuli in many ways, not sapphires.
See also
- Armor
- Lazurite
- Cambodia-Dvaravati Route
- Sar-i Sang
- Blue shades
- Mineral list
References
Notes and citations
Bibliography
- Bowersox, Gary W.; Chamberlin, Bonita E. (1995). "Afghan gemstone". Tucson, AZ: Geoscience Press. .
- Oldershaw, Cally (2003). "Firefly Guide to Gems". Toronto: Firefly Books. .
- Bariand, Pierre, "Lapis Lazuli", Mineral Digest, Vol 4 Winter 1972.
- Lapparent A.F., Bariand, P. et Blaise, J., "Une visite au gisement de lapis lazuli de Sar-e-Sang du Hindu Kouch, Afghanistan," C.R. Somm.S.G.P.p.Ã, 30, 1964.
- Wise, Richard W., The Secrets of Permata Trading, A Connoisseur Guide To Precious Gems, 2016 ISBNÃ, 9780972822329
- Wyart J. Bariand P, Filippi J., "Le Lapis Lazuli de Sar-e-SAng", Revue de Geographie Physique et de Geologie Dynamique (2) Vol. XIV Pasc. 4 pp.Ã, 443-448, Paris, 1972.
- Herrmann, Georgina, "Lapis Lazuli: Early Trading Phase", Oxford University Dissertation, 1966.
- Bakhtiar, Lailee McNair, Blue Treasure Lapis Lazuli Afghanistan, Porch Front Division, 2011 ISBN 978-0615573700
- Korzhinskij, D.S., "Gisements bimetasomatiques de philogophite et de lazurite de l'Archen du pribajkale", Traduction par Jean Sagarzky-B.R.G.M., 1944.
External links
- Lapis lazuli on Gemstone.org
- Documentation of an online course produced by the University of California at Berkeley
- Lapislazuli: Genesis, Mining, and Potential Market Blue Mineral Pigment
- Ã, "Lapis Lazuli". New Student Reference Work . 1914.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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