The Salish and Kootenai Confederate Tribe of Flathead Reservation are federally recognized tribes in the US state of Montana. The government is a member of several Bitterroot Salish, Kutenai and Pend d'Oreilles tribes and is concentrated on the Flathead Indian Reservation
People in this area are named Flathead Indians by Europeans who came to the area. The name was originally applied to various Salish peoples, based on the practice of artificial skull deformation by some groups, although modern groups associated with Flathead Reservations were never involved in it.
Video Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes
Hari-hari awal Salish
The Salis (Flatheads) originally lived fully east of the Continental Divide but established their headquarters near the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains. Sometimes, hunter groups move west from the Continental Division but not to the west of the Bitterroot Region. The eastern end of their ancestral hunt is the Gallatin Range, Crazy Mountain, and Little Belt Ranges.
Initial region
Flathead and Pend d'Oreille both agree that Flathead once occupied a large area on the plains east of the Rocky Mountains. This tribal homeland includes the territory of Broadwater, Jefferson, Deer Lodge, Silver Bow, Madison, Gallatin, and some Lewis & amp; Clark, Meagher and Park. It's about time, when they got the first horse.
The tribe consists of at least four bands. Each, they have a winter residence near the current Helena, near Butte, east of Butte and in the Big Hole Valley.
The closest people
To the north of Flathead was Salis-Tunaxe. There is no sharp line between the two tribal areas, and people in the border zone often mate-marry. Further north lives Kutenai-Tunaxe (Kootenai-Tunaxe). In addition they live the common enemy of the tribe of Salisan, Blackfoot. To the west of the Rocky Mountains held the Pend d'Oreille area around Flathead Lake, and in the south they occupy a relatively small Semteuse area. A lot of Shoshones are circling the Salish from the northeast to the southwest. Apparently Salish did not know Comanche and Kiowa in his time. They may be considered Shoshone bands.
Then established tribal tribes such as Sarsi, Assiniboine, Cree, Crow, Gros Ventre, Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Sioux live far away. They are not known to Salish.
Horses - and life changing from Salis
Salish gets a horse from Shoshone, and the animal changes the lives of people. During dog days, the Salis do not pay special attention to the buffalo. It was hunted like deer and deer. Newly acquired rides allow for the acquisition of safe buffaloes and meat and skins can be easily carried by packhorses. All the other games are losing importance.
Before the horse's life, the Salis lived in a conical tent covered with two to four layers of tulle sewing mat, depending on the season. Tipi immediately replaced the old cottage. Instead of raw leather bags of various shapes and sizes, the women make parflech from now on.
Force west from divide
Both Salish-Tunaxe and Semteuse were almost "killed in battle" with Blackfoot and subsequently reduced by smallpox. Some survivors took shelter between the Salish. With the near-extinction of Salish-Tunaxe, Salish expanded their hunting area north toward the Sun River. Between 1700 and 1750, they were pushed back by Blackfoot fighters pedestrians who were armed with firearms. Finally, they are forced out of the bison range and to the west divide along with Kutenai-Tunaxe.
Maps Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes
History
Flatheads live now between the Cascade Mountains and the Rocky Mountains. The first written record of the tribes was from their encounter with the Lewis and Clark Expedition (4 September 1805). Lewis and Clark came there and asked for horses but ended up eating horses due to starvation. The Flatheads also appear in the records of the Roman Catholic Church at St. Louis, Missouri, where they send four delegates to ask the missionaries (or "Black Robes") to serve the tribe. Their request was finally granted, and a number of missionaries, including Pierre-Jean De Smet, S.J., were finally sent. Flatheads are also located in Sula, Montana.
The tribes negotiated the Hellgate agreement with the United States in 1855. From the outset, deal negotiations were plagued by serious translation problems. A Jesuit observer, Father Adrian Hoecken, said that his translation was so bad that "not one-tenth of what was said was understood by both sides." But as in the meetings with Lewis and Clark, cross-cultural miscommunication goes deeper than language and translation problems. The tribesmen came to the meeting assuming they would formalize a recognized friendship. Non-Indians come with the aim of making their official claims to indigenous lands and resources. Isaac Stevens, the new governor and inspector of Indian affairs for the Washington Territory, intends to get permission from the Bitterroot Valley from Salish. Many non-Indians have realized the potential value of the valley for agriculture and its relatively temperate climate in winter. Due to the Victor Chairman's resistance, Stevens eventually incorporated into a complicated agreement (and of course a poorly translated language) that defines the Bitterroot Valley south of Lolo Creek as a "conditional reservation" for Salish. Victor placed an X on the document, confident that the treaty would not require his men to leave their homeland. No other word has come from the government for the next fifteen years, so Salish assumes that they will stay in their Bitterroot Valley forever.
After the 1864 gold rush in the newly established Montana Territory, pressure on the Salish increased from both non-Indian squatters and illegal government officials. In 1870, Victor died, and he was replaced as head by his son, Chief Charlot (aka Charlo, Claw of the Little Grizzly). Like his father, Charlot embraced a policy of nonviolent resistance. He insisted on the right of his people to remain in the Bitterroot Valley. But citizens and territorial officials think the new head can be pressured to surrender. In 1871, they successfully lobbied President Ulysses S. Grant to declare that the survey required by the treaty had been made and that it had been found that Jocko (Flathead) Reservation was more suited to Salish's needs. On the basis of Grant's executive orders, Congress sent a delegation, led by future president James Garfield, to make arrangements with the tribe for their dismissal. Charlot ignored their demands and even the threat of their bloodshed, and he again refused to sign an agreement to leave. US officials then simply forged "X" Charlot into an official copy of the agreement sent to the Senate for ratification.
Over time, the real reason for the Hellgate agreement meeting became clear to the Salish and the Pend d'Oreille people. According to the provisions described in the written document, the tribes submitted to the United States are more than twenty million hectares (81,000 km²) of land and reserved from the cession of about 1.3 million acres (5300 km²), thus forming Jocko or Flathead Indian Reservation. Conditions had become intolerable for Salish in the late 1880s, after Missoula and Bitter Root Valley Railroad were built directly through tribal lands, without the permission of the original owners nor payment to them. Charlot eventually signed an agreement to leave the Bitterroot Valley in November 1889. However, Congressional inaction delayed the cessation of two years, and according to some observers, the despair of the tribe reached a marked level of hunger. In October 1891, a troop contingent from Fort Missoula forced Charlot and Salish out of Bitterroot and roughly drove the little ribbon sixty miles to Flathead Reservation.
The three main tribes moved to Flathead Reservations are Bitterroot Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and Kootenai. The Bitterroot Salish and the Pend d'Oreille tribe speak the same dialect of Salish.
The off-reservation hunting dispute between a group of Pend d'Oreilles and the state of Fish and Game of the Montana department resulted in the Swan Valley Massacre of 1908.
Although marked for a cessation in 1953 under the resolutions of the House of Representatives 108 of the US federal Indian termination policy, the Flatheads were able to reject the government's plan to end their tribal relations at the Congressional hearing in 1954.
Demographics
The tribe has approximately 6800 members with about 4,000 tribal members living in Flathead Reservation in 2013, and 2,800 tribesmen living off the reservation. Their dominant religion is Roman Catholicism. 1,100 Native Americans from other tribes and more than 10,000 Native Americans also stay on reservation.
Politics
As the first to govern tribal government under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the tribes were governed by tribal councils. The Tribal Council has ten members, and the council voted from within a Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary and Treasurer. The tribal government offers a number of services to tribal members and is the primary employer in the reservation. The tribes operate a tribal college, Salish Kootenai College, and an inheritance museum called "People's Center" in Pablo, the seat of tribal government.
Economy
The tribes are the largest employers on the reservation. In 2011, they provided 65% of all work.
The tribes own and jointly operate a valuable hydroelectric dam, called SÃÆ' Â © li? Ksanka Ql'ispÃÆ' Â © Dam (formerly known as Kerr Dam). They are the first Indian nation in the United States to have hydroelectric dams. CSKT also operates Mission Valley Power's only local power provider, as well as S & amp; K Electronics (founded 1984), and S & amp; K Technologies which operates internationally (established 1999). Other tribal businesses are KwaTaqNuk Resort & amp; Casino in Polson (the county of Lake County and the most populous community on the reservation) and Gray Wolf Peak Casino in Evaro, Montana.
Geography
Aboriginal Land
People from these tribes originally lived in the Montana area, parts of Idaho, British Columbia (Canada) and Wyoming. The original area comprised approximately 22 million acres (89,000 km²) at the time of the 1855 Hellgate agreement.
Reservation land
Flathead reservations in northwestern Montana are over 1.3 million acres (5,300Ã, kmÃ,²) in size.
Tribal Council mewakili delapan district:
- District Arlee
- District Dixon
- District Elmo
- District Sumber Air Panas
- District Pablo
- Polson District
- Ronan District
- St. District Ignatius
During World War II, the 422ft (129m) Liberty Ship, SS Chief of Charlot , was named in his honor and was built in Richmond, California, in 1943.
Culture
- Language
- Salishan language
- Kutenai Language
- History Site
- Archeology
Famous people
- Corwin Clairmont, artist and educator
- Marvin Camel, boxer, WBC & amp; IBF Cruiserweight Champion
- Debra Magpie Earling, author
- D'Arcy McNickle (1904 - 1977), renowned author, Native American activist and anthropologist
- Jaune Quick-to-See Smith, artist
See also
- the Alameda hot spring
- Kootenai Tribe from Idaho
- Ktunaxa Kinbasket Tribal Council
References
Further reading
External links
- The Confederate Tribal Site
- The official website of Nkwusm Salish Language Institute
- Hellgate Agreement (1855)
- Ã, Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Indian Lake". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Edward S. Curtis North American Indian , Northwestern University, Digital Library Collection, "Kalispel", Page 51
- Historical and genealogical sources of Flathead Indians, Family Search
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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