The ancient Roman unit of measurement is largely built on the Hellenic system, which in turn is built on the influence of Egypt and Mesopotamia. The Roman units are relatively consistent and well documented.
Video Ancient Roman units of measurement
Length
The basic unit of Roman linear measurement is pes or Roman feet (plural: pedes ). Investigation of his relationship with the English foot returned at least to 1647, when John Greaves published his book Discourse on Romane's feet . Greaves visited Rome in 1639, and measured, among other things, the size of the foot in the tomb of Titus Statilius Aper, that on the previous Cossutius statue in the gardens of Angelo Colocci, congius of Vespasian previously measured by Villalpandus, a number of brass measuring-rods found in the Roman ruins, the paving stones of the Pantheon and many other ancient Roman buildings, and the distance between the milestones on Appian Street. He concluded that the Cossutian legs were "authentic" Roman feet, and reported these values ​​compared to the standard English foot of the foot in the Guildhall in London (30,499 Ã, cm):
Smith (1851) gives a value of 0.9708 English feet, or about 295.9 mm. The accepted modern value is 296 mm.
Roman legs are divided either as Greek pous into 16 digiti or fingers; or to 12 insufficiency or inches. Frontinus wrote in the 1st century AD that digitus is used in Campania and most of Italy. The main Roman unit is:
Other units include schoenus (from the Greek for "rush rope") used for distance in Isidore of Charax's Maps Ancient Roman units of measurement
Area
Commonly used measurement units are:
Other units of the area described by Columella in his book De Re Rustica include porca of 180 ÃÆ'â € "30 Roman feet (about 473 m 2 or 5.090 Ã, sqÃ, ft) is used in Hispania Baetica and Gallic candetum or cadetum 100 feet in the city or 150 in the country. Columella also provides an uncial division of jugerum , tabulated by anonymous 1745 Millar translator as follows:
Volume
Measurement of fluid and dry volume is based on sextarius. Sextarius is defined as 1 / 48 of cubic feet, known as kuadora amphora. Using a 296 mm (11.7 inch) value for Roman legs, the amphora quadrant can be calculated at about 25.9 L (6.8 US gal). A sextarius, by the same method, should be in theoretical size of about 540 ml (18Ã, USÃ, flÃ, oz).
However, archeologically, the evidence is not exact. No two surviving vessels measured identical volumes, and scientific opinions on actual volume ranges, for example, from as low as 500 ml (17 Â ° US fla oz) to 580 ml (20 Â ° US fl oz).
The core volume units are:
- amphora quadrant (Roman tube) - one cubic pes (Roman leg)
- congius - half- pes cube (thus 1 / 8 amphora quadrant )
- sextarius - literally 1 / 6 , from congius
Liquid size
Dry size
Weight
Units of mass or mass are largely based on a factor of 12. Some unit names are also coin names during the Roman Republic and have the same fractional value of a larger base unit: libra for weight and for coins. Modern estimates of libra ranges from 322 to 329 g (11.4 to 11.6 oz) with 5076 grains or 328.9 g (11.60 oz) numbers received. The as was reduced from 12 ounces to 2 after the First Punic War, the 1st during the Second Punic War, and a half-ounce by 191 BC Lex Papiria.
Libra distribution is:
Subdivisions of the uncia are:
Time
Year
The elaborate Roman calendar was replaced by the Julian calendar in 45 BC. In the Julian calendar, the normal year is 365 days, and the leap year is 366 days. Between 45 BC and AD1, leap years occur at irregular intervals. Beginning in AD 4, leap years occur regularly every four years. Year number is rarely used; on the contrary, the year was determined by naming the Roman consul for that year. (As consul 'the last term ran from January to December, this eventually led to January, not March, regarded as the beginning of the year.) When the number one year is required, the Greek Olympics is used, or the count of years since the founding of Rome, "ab urbe condita" in 753 SM. In the middle ages, the numbering of the year was changed to Anno Domini's count.
The calendar used in most of the modern world, the Gregorian calendar, differs from the Julian calendar where it spends three leap years every four centuries to get closer to the length of the tropical year.
Week
The Romans classified the day into an eight-day cycle called nundina , with every eighth day being market day.
Independent of the nundinae , astrologers keep a seven-day cycle called hebdomada where each day corresponds to one of the seven classical planets, with the first day of the week being Saturn. -day, followed by Sun-day, Moon-day, Mars-day, Mercury-day, Jupiter-day, and last Venus-day. Every day astrology is calculated starting at sunrise. The Jews also use seven days a week, which starts Saturday night. The seventh day of the week they call the Sabbath; the other days they are nominated are not names, except for Friday, which can be called Parasceve or the sixth day. Every day the Jews are calculated to begin at sunset. Christians follow the seven-day Jewish week, except that they are usually called the first day of the week Dominica , or the day of the Lord. In 321, Constantine the Great gave his people every Sunday to honor his family's protection god, the Invincible Sun, thus uniting a seven-day week into Roman civil society.
Clock
The Romans divided the day into twelve horaes or the hour began at sunrise and ended at sunset. The night was divided into four watches. The duration of these hours varies with the seasons; in the winter, when the daytime period is shorter, 12 hours shorter and four hours also longer.
Astrologers divide the day of the sun into the same 24 hours, and these astrological clocks serve as the basis for our modern day and twenty-four hour clocks.
Although the division of the clock into minutes and seconds did not occur until medieval times, the ancient astrologers had the same minuta as 1 / 60 from one day (24 mins modern), a secunda same as 1 / 3600 from one day (24 sec modern), and tertia same with / 216000 from one day (0.4 modern seconds).
Unicode
The Ancient Roman measuring unit was added to Unicode Standard in April 2008 with the release of version 5.1.
The Unicode block for an ancient Roman measurement unit, called the Ancient Symbol, is U 10190-U 101CF, which is in the upper field:
See also
- Greek unit
- Byzantine units
- Measurement history
References
External links
- Proposals for Adding Ancient Roman Weights and Monetary Signs to UCS (Universal Character Set)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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