Mexico City , or Mexico City (Spanish: Ciudad de MÃÆ'Ã… © xico , American Spanish: Ã, [sju'ÃÆ' Â ° a (ÃÆ' Â °) ÃÆ' Â ° e 'mexiko] Ã, ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX ) , is the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America. Mexico City is one of America's most important cultural and financial centers. The city is located in the Mexican Valley ( Valle de MÃÆ'Ã… © xico ), a large valley in the highlands of central Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 meters (7,350 ft). The city has 16 territories.
The 2009 population for the right city is about 8.84 million people, with a land area of ​​1,485 square kilometers (573 sq., Mi). According to the latest definition agreed by the federal and state governments, the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million, making it the largest metropolitan area in the Western Hemisphere, the 10th largest agglomeration, and the largest in Spanish. city ​​in the world.
Greater Mexico City had a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011, making Greater Mexico City one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world. The city is responsible for generating 15.8% of the GDP of Mexico, and the metropolitan area accounts for about 22% of the total national GDP. If it is an independent country, by 2013, Mexico City will become Latin America's fifth largest economy, five times larger than Costa Rica and roughly the size of Peru.
The capital of Mexico is the oldest capital city in America and one of two established by Native Americans, the other being Quito, Ecuador. The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the siege of Tenco in 1521 and later redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was founded, known as MÃÆ'Â © xico TenochtitlÃÆ'¡n , and in 1585, it was officially known as Ciudad de MÃÆ'Ã… © xico (Mexico City ). Mexico City is the political, administrative, and financial center of the main part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was reached, the federal district was created in 1824.
After years of demanding greater political autonomy, the population was finally given the right to elect both the Head of Government and the representative of the Unicameral Representative Assembly with elections in 1997. Since then, the left-wing Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) has control of both. In recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as demand abortion, limited forms of euthanasia, unilateral divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29, 2016, it stopped called Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F.). The former "Distrito Federal" is now officially known as "Ciudad de MÃÆ' Â © xico" (or "CDMX"). Mexico City is now in transition to becoming the 32nd federal entity in the country, giving it a degree of autonomy comparable to that of the state. A clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, prevents it from becoming a state, since it is the center of state power, unless the state capital is relocated elsewhere.
Video Mexico City
Histori
Periode Aztec
Mexico City-Tenochtitlan was founded by Mexica people in 1325. The old Mexica town now referred to simply as Tenochtitlan is built on an island in the center of the inland valley system of the Valley of Mexico, which is shared with a smaller city state called Tlatelolco. According to legend, the main deity of Mexicas, Huitzilopochtli, shows the place where they will build their house by presenting an eagle perched on a nopal cactus with a snake in its beak.
Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating other city-states around Lake Texcoco and in the Mexican Valley. When the Spaniards arrived, the Aztec Empire had reached much of Mesoamerica, touching the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean.
Spanish Conquest
After landing in Veracruz, Spanish explorer Hernón CortÃÆ' © s advanced over Tenochtitlan with the help of many other indigenous people, arriving there on November 8, 1519. CortÃÆ' © s and his men lined up along the road leading to the city of Iztapalapa, and city ​​ruler, Moctezuma II, greeted the Spaniards; they exchange gifts, but the friendship does not last long. Cortà © s placed Moctezuma under house arrest, hoping to rule through him.
Tensions increased until, on the night of June 30, 1520 - during the struggle known as "La Noche Triste" - the Aztecs rose up against the Spanish intrusion and managed to capture or expel the Europeans and their Tlaxcalan allies. Cortà © reunited in Tlaxcala. The Aztecs thought the Spaniards had disappeared permanently, and they chose a new king, CuitlÃÆ'¡huac, but he soon died; the next king is CuauhtÃÆ'  © moc.
Cortà © began to besiege Tenochtitlan in May 1521. For three months, the city suffered from a shortage of food and water and the spread of smallpox carried by Europeans. Cortà © and his allies landed their troops in the southern part of the island and slowly struggled through the city. CuauhtÃÆ'  © moc surrendered in August 1521. The Spaniards practically destroyed Tenochtitlan during the last siege of conquest.
Rebuild
Cortà © first settled in CoyoacÃÆ'¡n, but decided to rebuild the Aztec site to remove all traces of the old order. He does not build territory under his own rule, but remains faithful to the Spanish crown. The first Spanish viceroy arrived in Mexico City fourteen years later. At that time, the city had again become a city state, possessing a power far beyond its borders.
Although the Spaniards maintain the basic tenochtitlan layout, they build Catholic churches over the ancient Aztec temples and claim the imperial palace for themselves. Tenochtitlan was renamed "Mexico" because Spain found the word easier to pronounce.
The growth of the colonial Mexico City
The city has become the capital of the Aztec empire and in the colonial era, Mexico City became the capital of New Spain. The young king of Mexico or the viceroy resides in the viceregal palace in the main square or Zácalo. The Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico City, the seat of the Archbishop of New Spain, is built on the other side of ZÃÆ'³calo, like the archbishop's palace, and opposite the city council housing building or the ayuntamiento of the city.
The famous Zácalo painting at the end of the 17th century by CristÃÆ'³bal de Villalpando depicts the main square, which is the center of the ancient Aztec ceremony. The central place at the Aztec was effectively and permanently transformed into the center of ceremonies and seats of power during the colonial period, and remains to this day in modern Mexico, the nation's central place.
The rebuilding of the city after the siege of Tenochtitlan was carried out by abundant indigenous labor in the surrounding area. Franciscan monastery Toribio de Benavente Motolinia, one of the Twelve Apostles of Mexico who arrived in New Spain in 1524, described the rebuilding of the city as one of misery or catastrophe in the early period:
The seventh plague was the construction of a huge Mexican City, which during the early years used more people than the construction of Jerusalem. The workers crowd so much that people can barely move in the streets and on the streets, although they are very wide. Many died of being crushed by blocks, or falling from high places, or knocking down old buildings for new ones.
Preconquest Tenochtitlan is built in the center of an inland lake system, with a town that can be reached by canoe and with a wide road to the mainland. The Causeway was rebuilt under Spanish rule with indigenous labor.
Spanish colonial cities are built with a grid pattern, if there are no geographical barriers that prevent it. In Mexico City, ZÃÆ'³calo (square) is the central place from which the grid is then built out. The Spaniards live in the area closest to the square in what is known as traza , in neatly laid streets. The Indian population is outside the exclusive zone and the houses are carelessly situated.
The Spaniards are trying to keep the Indians apart from the Spaniards but since ZÃÆ'³calo is a trading center for Indians, they are a constant presence in the central area, so that strict separation is never enforced. At intervals ZÃÆ'³calo is where the great celebrations take place as well as execution. It was also the site of two major riots in the seventeenth century, one in 1624, the other in 1692.
The city grows like a resident, coming up against the lake water. As the water depths of the lake fluctuate, Mexico City is subject to periodic flooding. The large labor draft, desagÃÆ'¼e , forced thousands of Indians during the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding. Flooding is not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, because during the flood period human waste contaminates city streets. By draining the area, the mosquito population drops as the frequency of the disease they spread. However, wetland drainage also alters fish and bird habitats and areas accessible to Indian cultivation near the capital.
The 16th century witnessed the breeding of the churches, many of which can still be seen today in the historic center. Economically, Mexico City prospered as a result of trade. Unlike Brazil or Peru, Mexico has easy contact with the Atlantic and Pacific world. Although the Spanish crown tried to completely regulate all trade in the city, it was only partially successful.
The concept of nobility evolved in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of America. The Spanish encountered a society in which the concept of the nobility reflected on their own. The Spaniards honored the noble aristocratic order and added it. In subsequent centuries, possession of a glorious title in Mexico does not mean one exercises great political power, because one's power is limited even if the accumulation of wealth is not. The concept of nobility in Mexico is not political but Spanish socialism is very conservative, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families prove their worth by generating wealth in New Spain outside the city itself, then spending income in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building luxury mansions. The craze to build the most luxurious residence may reach its peak in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to the nickname Mexico City "City palace" given by Alexander Von Humboldt.
The Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores"), also known as El Grito de la Independencia ("Cry of Independence"), marks the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence. The battle of Guanajuato, the first major involvement of the rebellion, took place four days later. After a decade of war, Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on 27 September 1821. Riots followed over the next few decades, when different factions struggled to rule Mexico.
The Federal District of Mexico was established by the new government and by the signing of their new constitution, in which the concept of a federal district was adapted from the United States Constitution. Prior to this appointment, Mexico City has served as a government hub for both the Mexican State and the country as a whole. Texcoco and later Toluca became the capital of the State of Mexico.
The Battle of Mexico City in the US-Mexico War of 1847
The battle for Mexico City was a series of engagements from September 8 to 15, 1847, around Mexico City in general during the US Mexican War. Included are the main actions on the battle of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, culminating with the fall of Mexico City. The US Army under Winfield Scott scored a huge success that ended the war. The American invasion of the Federal District was first rejected during the Churubusco Battle on 8 August in which the Battalion of Saint Patrick, mainly composed of Irish and German Catholic immigrants, but also Canadian, English, French, Italian, Polish, Scottish, Spanish, Swiss and - a Mexican man, fighting for Mexico's cause of repelling the American attack. After defeating the Saint Patrick Battalion, the Mexican-American War ended after the United States deployed deep combat units into Mexico that resulted in the capture of Mexico City and Veracruz by the US Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Divisions. The invasion peaked by storming Chapultepec Castle in the city itself.
During this battle, on September 13th, the 4th Division, under John A. Quitman, spearheaded an attack on Chapultepec and brought the castle. The future generals of the Confederation George E. Pickett and James Longstreet participated in the attack. Serving in the Mexican defense is a cadet which is then enshrined as Los NiÃÆ'  ± os HÃÆ'  © roes ("Hero Boy"). Mexican troops withdrew from Chapultepec and retreated inside the city. The attacks on Belà © n and San Cosme Gates came afterwards. The Guadalupe Hidalgo Agreement was signed in what is now far north of the city.
Porfirian Era (1876-1911)
Events such as the Mexican-American War, French Intervention and Reform War left the city relatively untouched and continued to grow, especially during the reign of President Porfirio DÃÆ'az. During this time the city developed modern infrastructure, such as roads, schools, transport systems and communication systems. But the regime concentrated resources and wealth into the city while the rest of the country languished in poverty.
Under the rule of Porfirio DÃÆ'az, Mexico City underwent a massive transformation. DÃÆ'az's goal is to create a city that can rival major European cities. He and his government came to the conclusion that they would use Paris as a model, while still containing remnants of Amerindian and Hispanic elements. This style of Mexican-French architecture blends into everyday language known as Porfirian Architecture. The architecture of Porfirian was greatly influenced by Paris Haussmannization.
During this era of Porfirian government, the city underwent extensive modernization. Many Spanish Colonial buildings were demolished, replaced by much larger Porfirian institutions and many remote rural zones converted into urban or industrial districts with most having utilities, gas and utility waste in 1908. While the initial focus was on the development of modern hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works, perhaps the most durable effect of the modernization of Porfirian was the creation of the Colonia region of Rome and the development of Reforma Avenue. Many of the major attractions and landmarks of Mexico City were built during this era in this style.
Diaz's plan calls for the whole city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of Colonia Rome; but the Mexican Revolution soon began and the plan never materialized, with many half-completed projects. One of the best examples of this is the Mexican Revolutionary Monument. Originally the monument would be the main dome of Senz's new senate hall, but when the revolution only erupted the dome of the senate hall and its supporting pillars were completed, it was then seen as a symbol by many Mexicans that the Porfirian era was over. once and for all and thus, it turned into a victory monument over Diaz. Mexico's Revolution (1910-1920) the 20th century to present
The history of the rest of the 20th century to the present day focuses on the phenomenal growth of the city and its environmental and political consequences. In 1900, the population of Mexico City was about 500,000. The city began to grow rapidly westward in the early 20th century and then began to grow upward in the 1950s, with Torre Latinoamericana becoming the city's first skyscraper. The 1968 Olympics brought the construction of a major sports facility.
In 1969 the Metro system was inaugurated. The explosive growth in urban populations starts from the 1960s, with populations overflowing the borders of the Federal District to neighboring Mexico, especially to the north, northwest and northeast. Between 1960 and 1980 the city's population doubled to nearly 9 million.
In 1980, half of all industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City. Under unceasing growth, the Mexico City government could barely follow the service. The villagers from the countryside who continue to flood the city to get out of poverty only add to the city's problems. Without housing available, they took over the land around the city, creating a large slum town that stretched for miles away. This causes serious air pollution in Mexico City and water pollution problems, as well as a decrease due to overextraction of groundwater. Air and water pollution has been contained and upgraded in some areas due to government programs, vehicle renovation and modernization of public transport.
The autocratic government that ruled Mexico City since the Revolution was tolerated, largely because of the continuing economic expansion since World War II. This is the case even though this government can not adequately address population and pollution problems. However, discontent and protest began in the 1960s leading to the massacre of unknown numbers of protesting students at Tlatelolco.
Three years later, a demonstration on Maestros street, hosted by former members of the 1968 student movement, was hardly pressured by a paramilitary group called "Los Halcones", composed of gang members and teenagers from many sports clubs receiving training in the US.
On Thursday, September 19, 1985, at 7:19 am, Mexico City was hit by an earthquake measuring 8.1 on the Richter scale. Although this earthquake is not deadly or destructive like many similar events in Asia and other parts of Latin America, it proves to be a political disaster for the one-party government. The government is paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and reconstruct most of the lost housing as well.
However, the final straw may be a controversial election of 1988. That year, the presidency was set between PRI candidate Carlos Salinas de Gortari and a coalition of left-wing parties led by Cuauhtà ©  © moc CÃÆ'¡rdenas, son of former president LÃÆ'¡zaro CÃÆ'¨ rdenas. The counting system "crashed" because by chance the light went out and suddenly, upon returning, the winning candidate was Salinas, even though CÃÆ'¨rdenas was at the top of the wind.
As a result of a fraudulent election, CÃÆ'¡rdenas became a member of the Democratic Revolutionary Party. Dissatisfaction with the election ultimately led to CuauhtÃÆ' Â © moc CÃÆ'¡rdenas to become Mexico City's first elected mayor in 1997. CÃÆ'¡rdenas promised a more democratic government, and his party claimed several victories against crime, pollution, and other major problems. He resigned in 1999 to run for president.
Maps Mexico City
Geography
Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, sometimes called the Basin of Mexico. The valley is located on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in the central-south central Mexico. It has a minimum height of 2,200 meters (7,200 feet) above sea level and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach a height of more than 5,000 meters (16,000 feet). This valley does not have natural drainage channels for running water from the slopes, making the city vulnerable to flooding. Drainage was engineered through the use of canals and tunnels that began in the 17th century.
Mexico City is mainly based on what is Lake Texcoco. Seismic activity often occurs here. Lake Texcoco is dried from the 17th century. Although there is no lake water left, the city rests on a very saturated clay at the bottom of the lake. This soft base collapses due to excessive extraction of ground water, called a decrease associated with groundwater . Since the beginning of the 20th century the city has sunk as much as nine meters (30 feet) in some areas. This drowning causes problems with run-off and waste water management, which causes flooding problems, especially during the rainy season. The entire lake bed is now asphalted and most of the remaining forest areas in the city are located in the southern districts of Milpa Alta, Tlalpan and Xochimilco.
Climate
Mexico City has a subtropical highland climate (climatic classification KÃÆ'¶ppen Cwb ), due to its tropical location but high altitude. The lower valley area receives less rain than the upper regions in the south; lower districts of Iztapalapa, Iztacalco, Venustiano Carranza and eastern Gustavo A. Madero are usually drier and warmer than southern southern districts of Tlalpan and Milpa Alta, mountainous areas of pine trees and oaks known as Ajusco ranks.
The average annual temperature varies from 12 to 16 Â ° C (54 to 61 Â ° F), depending on the height of the borough. The temperature is rarely below 3Ã, Â ° C (37Ã, Â ° F) or above 30Ã, Â ° C (86Ã, Â ° F). At the Tacubaya observatory, the lowest temperature ever recorded was -4.4 ° C (24.1 ° F) on 13 February 1960, and the highest temperature on record was 33.9 ° C (93.0 ° F) on May 9, 1998.
Overall rainfall is highly concentrated in the summer, and includes heavy hailstones.
It does not snow in town (only on the top of the nearest mountain), but in the past this was not the case. Throughout its history, the Central Valley of Mexico used to have some snowfalls per decade (including periods between 1878 and 1895 where every year - except 1880 - recorded snowfall) mostly by snow lake effects, but the drying of Lake Texcoco as well as global warming limits snowfall after a blizzard on February 11, 1907; after that year, the new snow occurred on January 28, 1920, on March 5, 1940, and for the last time on January 12, 1967, coincided with the operation of the drainage system in which resulted in a total drain on the rest of Lake Texcoco.
The Valley of Mexico region receives an anti-cyclone system. The weak wind of the system does not allow for the spread, beyond the basin, from the air pollution produced by 50,000 industries and 4 million vehicles operating in and around the metropolitan area.
This area receives about 820 millimeters (32.3 in) of annual rainfall, which is concentrated from June to September/October with little or no rain throughout the year. This area has two main seasons. The rainy season lasts from June to October when the wind brings tropical humidity from the ocean, the wettest month being July. The dry season lasts from November to May, when the air is relatively drier, where the driest month is December. This dry season is divided into periods of cold and warm periods. The cold period extends from November to February when the polar air masses push down from the north and keep the air dry enough. The warm period extends from March to May when the tropical winds again dominate but have not brought enough moisture to rain.
Environment
Initially many valleys were located under the waters of Lake Texcoco, a system of salt and an interconnected freshwater lake. The Aztecs built a dike to separate the freshwater used to grow crops in chinampas and to prevent recurrent flooding. These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during the Spanish colonial period regularly drained the lake to prevent flooding. Only a small part of the original lake is left, located outside the Federal District, in the municipality of Atenco, the State of Mexico.
Architects Teodoro GonzÃÆ'¡lez de LeÃÆ'³n and Alberto Kalach together with a group of Mexican urbanists, engineers, and biologists have developed a project plan for Restoring the Lake City . If approved by the government, the project will contribute to the supply of water from natural resources to the Valley of Mexico, the creation of a new natural space, a major increase in air quality, and planning for the formation of a larger population.
Pollution
In the 1990s Mexico City has become famous as one of the most polluted cities in the world; however, the city has become a model for dramatically reducing pollution levels. By 2014 carbon monoxide pollution has dropped dramatically, while the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide levels are almost three times lower than in 1992. Signature pollutant levels in Mexico City are similar to those in Los Angeles. Despite the cleanup, the metropolitan area is still the most polluted part of the country's ozone, with the ozone level 2.5 times beyond the safe limits set by WHO.
To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implement various plans including constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and nitrous oxide. When the second level of contaminants reaches a critical level, contingency measures are implemented including closing the factory, changing school hours, and extending the program A day without a car to two days a week. The government also institutionalizes industrial technology improvements, rigorous bi-annual vehicle emissions inspections and reformulation of gasoline and diesel fuel. The introduction of MetrobÃÆ'ºs bus rapid transit and Ecobici bike-sharing is one of the efforts to encourage more greener alternative transportation.
Politics
Federal District
Acta Constitutiva de la Federación on January 31, 1824, and the Federal Constitution on October 4, 1824, improved the political and administrative organization of the Mexican United States after the Mexican War of Independence. In addition, Section XXVIII Section 50 provides the new Congress the right to vote on where the federal government will be. This location will then be adjusted as federal land, with the federal government acting as a local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital are Mexico City and QuerÃÆ'Â © taro.
Due largely to the representation of Servando Teresa de Mier representatives, Mexico City was chosen because it is the center of population and state history, though QuerÃÆ' Â © taro is closer to the center geographically. The choice was official on November 18, 1824, and Congress depicted the surface area of ​​two league squares (8,800 hectares) based in Zocalo. The area was later separated from the Mexican State, forcing the state government to move from the Inquisition Palace (now the Mexican Medical Museum) in the city to Texcoco. This area excludes population centers of CoyoacÃÆ'¡n cities, Xochimilco, Mexicaltzingo and Tlalpan, all of which remain as part of the Mexican State.
In 1854, the president of Antonio LÃÆ'³pez de Santa Anna enlarged the Federal District area almost eightfold from 220 to 1,700 km 2 (80 to 660m²), annexed the countryside and mountains to secure a strategic mountain pass to the south and southwest to protect the city in the event of a foreign invasion. (The Mexican-American War has just been fought.) Recent changes to Federal District boundaries were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current 1.479 km 2 (571Ã, sqÃ, mi) by adjusting the southern border with the state of Morelos. At that time, the number of municipalities in the Federal District was twenty-two.
While the Federal District is governed by the federal government through a designated governor, the municipality is autonomous, and this duality of power creates tensions between the municipality and the federal government for more than a century. In 1903, Porfirio DÃÆ'az massively reduced the municipal power within the Federal District. Finally, in December 1928, the federal government decided to wipe out all municipalities of the Federal District. In municipalities, the Federal District is divided into one "Central Department" and 13 delegaciones (boroughs) are administered directly by the Federal District government. The Central Department was integrated by previous cities in Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya, and Mixcoac.
In 1941, General Anaya's bourgeoisie was merged into the Central Department, later renamed "Mexico City" (thereby reviving the name, but not an autonomous municipality). From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District consisted of twelve delegaciones and Mexico City. In 1970, Mexico City was divided into four different delegaciones: CuauhtÃÆ' Â © moc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito JuÃÆ'¡rez, increased the number of delegaciones to 16. Because then, the entire Federal District, which delegaciones at that time almost formed an urban area, beginning to be de facto de facto synonymous from Mexico City.
The lack of de jure provision leaves a legal vacuum that causes a number of sterile discussions about whether one concept has overtaken another or if the latter has not existed at all. In 1993, the situation was resolved by an amendment to the 44th article of the Mexican Constitution; Mexico City and Federal District are declared as the same entity. The amendment was later incorporated into the second article of the Statute of Government of the Federal District.
On January 29, 2016, Mexico City stopped called Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F.). The former "Distrito Federal" is now officially known as "Ciudad de MÃÆ' Â © xico" (or "CDMX"). Mexico City is now in transition to becoming the 32nd federal entity in the country, giving it a degree of autonomy comparable to that of the state. Because there is a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, since this is the position of the federation's power, it can never be a state, or the capital of the country should be relocated elsewhere.
Political structure
Mexico City, which is the center of the Union's power, does not belong to any particular country, but to all of them. Therefore, the president, representing the federation, was used to appoint the head of the Federal District administration (today the head of Mexico City government), sometimes called outside Mexico as Mexico City's "Mayor". In the 1980s, the dramatic increase in populations of previous decades, the inherent political inconsistencies in the system, and dissatisfaction with the inadequate response of the federal government after the 1985 earthquake caused the population to beg for political and administrative autonomy to manage their local affairs.. Some political groups even proposed that the Federal District be transformed into the 32nd state of the federation.
In response to the demands, Mexico City received a greater degree of autonomy, with the elaboration of the 1987 First Statute of Government ( Estatuto de Gobierno ) and the establishment of the Representative Assembly. In the 1990s, this autonomy was expanded and since 1997, the population could directly elect the head of the Federal District administration and the representative of the unicameral Representative Council, who replaced the previous assembly, by popular vote.
The first elected government head is CuauhtÃÆ' Â © moc CÃÆ'¨rdenas. He resigned in 1999 to run for president in 2000 and appointed Rosario Robles to succeed him, who became the first woman, elected or otherwise, to govern Mexico City. In 2000, AndrÃÆ'Â © s Manuel LÃÆ'³pez Obrador was elected, and he resigned in 2005 to run in the 2006 presidential election; Alejandro Encinas was appointed by the Legislative Assembly to complete his term of office. In 2006, Marcelo Ebrard was elected to serve until 2012.
The city has no constitution, unlike the Union nations, but has the Statute of Government. As part of recent changes in autonomy, budgets are managed locally; proposed by the head of government and approved by the Legislative Assembly. Nonetheless, it is the United Congress that sets limits on internal and external public debt issued by municipal governments.
According to the 44th article of the Mexican Constitution, if the power of the Union moved to another city, the Federal District would be a new state, the "Mexican State of Mexico", with new boundaries set by the Congress of Unions.
Elections and government
In 2012, elections are held for the post of head of government and representatives of the Legislative Council. The head of government is elected for a period of six years without the possibility of re-election. Traditionally, the position is considered the second most important executive office in the country.
The Federal District Legislative Assembly is formed, as is the case for the state legislature in Mexico, by a single seat and a proportional seat, making it a parallel electoral system. The Federal District is divided into 40 electoral constituents of the same population who elect one representative by a plurality vote system, locally called "uninominal deputies". The Federal District, as a whole, is a single constituency for parallel elections of 26 representatives, elected by proportional representation, with an open party list, called a local "plurinominal deputy".
Although proportionality is intended to prevent a party from being over-represented, some restrictions apply in the seat designation. No party can own more than 63% of all seats, both uninominal and plurinominal. In the 2006 elections, the PRD won an absolute majority in unumominal direct elections, securing 34 of the 40 FPP seats. Thus, the PRD is not assigned plurinominal seats to comply with laws that prevent over-representation. The overall composition of the Legislative Assembly is:
The politics pursued by the administration of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century is usually more liberal than that of other countries, whether with the support of the federal government, as well as the approval of some comprehensive environmental legislation in the 1980s, or by law which has since been approved by the Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Assembly expanded the provisions on abortion, becoming the first federal entity to expand abortion in Mexico beyond rape and economic reasons, to allow it on the mother's choice before the 12th week of pregnancy. In December 2009, the Federal District became the first city in Latin America and one of the few in the world to legalize same-sex marriage.
Borough and neighborhood
For administrative purposes, the Federal District is divided into 16 "delegaciones", or boroughs. Although they are not entirely equivalent to the city, the district has gained significant autonomy, and since 2000, their head of government has been directly elected by plurality (they have been appointed by the head of the Federal District government). Since Mexico City is fully regulated as a Federal District, most municipal services are provided or regulated by the Federal District Government, not by the district itself; in the constituent countries, such services will be provided by the municipality. Borough District Federal with their 2010 population are:
Borough is composed by hundreds of colonies or neighborhoods, which have no autonomy or jurisdictional representation. The Historical Center is the oldest part of the city (along with several previous colonial cities, previously separated like CoyoacÃÆ'¡n and San ÃÆ' ngel), some of the buildings dating from the 16th century. Other notable centers include Condesa, known for its Art Deco architecture and its restaurants; Colonia Roma, a beaux art neighborhood and art and culinary entertainment venue, Zona Rosa, formerly the center of nightlife and restaurants, is now reborn as a center of LGBT and Korean-Mexican communities; and Tepito and La Lagunilla, known as local working-class foclores and large flea markets. Santa MarÃÆ'a la Ribera and San Rafael are the latest environments of the magnificent Porfiriato architecture to see the first signs of gentrification.
The Center for Western History (Centro HistÃÆ'³rico) along the Paseo de la Reforma are the richest areas of the city such as Polanco, Lomas de Chapultepec, Bosques de las Lomas, Santa Fe, and (in the Mexican State) Interlomas, which is also the most important area in the city of class A office space, corporate headquarters, skyscrapers and shopping centers. Nevertheless, some low-income colonies are right next to a rich environment, especially in the case of Santa Fe.
The southern part of the city is home to several other high-income neighborhoods such as Colonia del Valle and Jardines del Pedregal and the earlier colonial cities of CoyoacÃÆ'¡n, San ÃÆ' ngel, and San JerÃÆ'³nimo. Along the Avenida Insurgentes of Paseo de la Reforma, near the center, south through the World Trade Center and UNAM university to the Perifà © rico ring road, is another important corridor of corporate office space. Borough Xochimilco and TlÃÆ'¡huac at the southern end have significant rural residents, with a completely rural Milpa Alta.
East of the center of most low-income areas with some middle-class neighborhoods such as JardÃÆ'n Balbuena. Urban expansion continues eastward for miles to the Mexican State, including Ciudad Nezahualcoyotl, now increasingly middle-class, but once full of informal settlements. Such slums are still found in the eastern suburbs of the metropolitan area in the Chalco region.
The Northern Historical Center, Azcapotzalco and Gustavo A. Madero have important industrial and environmental centers ranging from well-established middle class colonies such as Claveria and Lindavista to large low-income housing areas sharing hillsides with adjacent municipalities in the State of Mexico. In recent years, many northern Mexico City industries have moved to nearby cities in the Mexican State. Northwest of Mexico City itself is Ciudad Satà © lite, a medium and large middle class residential and business area.
The 2005 Human Development Index report shows that there are three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index, 12 with a high HDI value (9 above.85) and one with HDI value being (almost high). The Benito JuÃÆ'¡rez borough has the nation's highest HDI (0.9510) followed by Miguel Hidalgo who came fourth nationally with HDI (0.9189) and Coyoacán national five, with HDI (0.9169). Cuajimalpa (15th), CuauhtÃÆ'Â © moc and Azcapotzalco (25th) also have a very high value of 0.8994, 0.8922, and 0.8915 respectively.
In contrast, the areas of Xochimilco (172), TlÃÆ'¡huac (177th), and Iztapalapa (183) present the lowest HDI value of the Federal District with values ​​of 0.8481, 0.8473, and 0.8464 respectively, which are still at global height. Range -HDI. The only area that does not have a high HDI is the village of Milpa Alta, which has a mean HDI of 0.7984, far below all other districts (627 national, the rest is above 200). Mexico City HDI for the 2005 report is 0.9012 (very high), and the 2010 value of 0.9225 (very high), or (with a newer methodology) 0.8307, is the highest in Mexico.
Metropolitan Region
Greater Mexico City was formed by the Federal District, 60 municipalities from the Mexican State and one from the state of Hidalgo. Greater Mexico City is Mexico's largest metropolitan area and the region with the highest population density. As of 2009, 21,163,226 people live in this urban agglomeration, where 8,841,916 live in Mexico City exactly. In terms of population, the largest city that is part of Greater Mexico City (excluding Mexico City) is:
- Atizapan de Zaragoza ( pop. 489,775)
- ChimalhuacÃÆ'¡n (pop 602.079)
- CuautitlÃÆ'¡n Izcalli (pop 532,973)
- Ecatepec de Morelos (pop 1,658,806)
- Ixtapaluca (pop 467,630)
- Naucalpan (pop 833,782)
- NezahualcÃÆ'³yotl (pop 1,109,363)
- Tlalnepantla de Baz (pop 664.160)
The above municipality is located in the Mexican state but is part of the Greater Mexico City region. About 75% (10 million) of the state population MÃÆ'Â Â © xico lives in a municipality that is part of Mexico City's big city.
Greater Mexico City was the fastest growing metropolitan area in the country until the late 1980s. Since then, and through a policy of decentralization to reduce environmental pollution from conurbational growth, the annual rate of agglomeration growth has declined, and it is lower than the other four largest metropolitan areas (ie Greater Guadalajara, Greater Monterrey, Greater Puebla and Greater Toluca).
Mexico City's net migration rate from 1995 to 2000 was negative, implying that the population moved to the periphery of the metropolitan area, or to other Mexican states. In addition, some inner suburbs lost the population to the outer suburbs, indicating a continuous expansion of Mexico City.
Health
Mexico City is home to some of the best private hospitals in the country; ÃÆ' ngeles Hospital, ABC Hospital and MÃÆ'Ã… © dica Sur to name a few. The national public health agency for private sector employees, IMSS, has the largest facilities in Mexico City - including the National Medical Center and La Raza Medical Center - and has an annual budget of more than 6 billion pesos. IMSS and other public health agencies, including ISSSTE (Public Sector Employee Social Security Institution) and the Ministry of National Health (SSA) maintain a large specialized facility in the city. These include the National Institutes of Cardiology, Nutrition, Psychiatry, Oncology, Pediatrics, Rehabilitation, among others.
The World Bank has sponsored a project to curb air pollution through improved public transport and the Mexican government has begun closing down polluting factories. They have stopped the diesel bus and mandated new emission controls on the new car; since 1993 all new cars must be equipped with a catalytic converter, which reduces emissions. Trucks should only use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Also the construction of an underground rail system began in 1968 to help solve air pollution problems and reduce traffic congestion. Today it has more than 201 km (125 million) lines and carries more than 5 million people every day. Fixed costs are low to encourage system use and during peak hours, the crush is so great that authorities have reserved special trains for women. Because of these and other initiatives, the air quality in Mexico City has begun to improve, with the air becoming cleaner since 1991, when air quality was declared a public health risk for 355 days a year.
Economy
Mexico City is one of the most important economic centers in Latin America. The city generates 15.8% of the country's gross domestic product. According to a study conducted by PwC, Mexico City has a GDP of $ 390 billion, ranking it as the eighth richest city in the world and richest in Latin America. Mexico City alone will rank 30th as the world's largest economy. Mexico City is the largest contributor to the country's industrial GDP (15.8%) and also the largest contributor to the country's GDP in the service sector (25.3%). Due to the limited non-urban space in the south - which is largely protected through environmental legislation - the contribution of the Federal District in agriculture is the smallest of all federal entities in the country. Mexico City has one of the fastest growing economies in the world and its GDP is set to double by 2020.
In 2002, Mexico City had a Human Development Index score of 0.915, identical to South Korea.
The top twelve percent of the GDP per capita holders in the city had an average disposable income of US $ 98,517 in 2007. The high purchasing power of Mexico City makes it attractive to companies offering prestige and luxury.
The economic reforms of President Carlos Salinas de Gortari had a tremendous influence on the city, as a number of businesses, including banks and airlines, were privatized. He also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This led to the decentralization and shift of Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to service, since most factories moved to the Mexican state, or more commonly to the northern border. Instead, the company's office building sets their base in the city.
Demographics
Historically, and since pre-Columbian times, the Anahuac Valley has become one of the most populous areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, Mexico City's urban area extended roughly into the Cuauhtà © borough region today. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the elite began migrating south and west and soon the small towns of Mixcoac and San ÃÆ' ngel were combined by the growing conurbation. According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population is considered Mestizo (Adat mixed with Europe), 22.79% considered Europe, and 18.74% considered Natives. This is the last Mexican Census that asks people to identify themselves with inheritance other than Amerindian. However, the census has the peculiarity that, unlike racial/ethnic censuses in other countries, it is focused on cultural heritage perceptions rather than in racial perceptions, leading to a number of whites to identify with "mixed inheritance" due to cultural influences. In 1921, Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants.
Until the 1990s, the Federal District was the densest federal entity in Mexico, but since then the population has remained stable at around 8.7 million. City growth has exceeded the Federal District's fifty-two municipalities in Mexico and 1 in the state of Hidalgo. With a population of about 19.8 million inhabitants (2008), this is one of the most densely populated conurbations in the world. Nevertheless, the annual growth rate of the Metropolitan Region of Mexico City is much lower than other large urban agglomerations in Mexico, a phenomenon likely to be due to decentralized environmental policies. The Federal District's net migration rate from 1995 to 2000 was negative.
Representing about 18.74% of the city's population, indigenous peoples from different parts of Mexico have migrated to the capital to seek for better economic opportunities. Nahuatl, Otomi, Mixtec, Zapotec and Mazahua are indigenous languages ​​with the largest number of speakers in Mexico City.
Genetics
According to a genetic study conducted in 2011, the average genetic composition of people from Mexico City is 65% Native Americans, 31% Europeans, and 3% Africans.
Citizenship
On the other hand, Mexico City is also home to a large community of expatriates and immigrants, mainly from North America (USA and Canada), from South America (mainly from Argentina and Colombia but also from Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela), from Central America and the Caribbean (mainly from Cuba, Guatemala, El Salvador, Haiti and Honduras); from Europe (mainly from Spain, Germany and Switzerland but also from the Czech Republic, Hungary, France, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland and Romania), from the Middle East (mainly Egypt, Lebanon and Syria); and more recently from Asia-Pacific (mainly from China and South Korea). Historically since New Spanish times, many Filipinos settled in the city and have been integrated into Mexican society. Although no official figures were reported, the estimated population of each community was significant.
Mexico City is home to the largest population of US Americans living outside the United States. The current estimate is as high as 700,000 Americans living in Mexico City, whereas in 1999 the US Consular Bureau estimated that over 440,000 Americans lived in the Metropolitan Area of ​​Mexico City.
Religion
The majority (82%) of the population in Mexico City are Roman Catholics, higher than the national percentage, although it has declined over the last few decades. Many other religions and philosophies are also practiced in the city: various types of Protestant groups, different types of Jewish communities, Buddhists, Islam and other spiritual and philosophical groups. There are also more and more people who are not religious, either agnostic or atheist.
Transportation
Public transport
Mexico City has many public transportation modes, ranging from metro (subway), suburban train, light rail, regular bus, BRT (bus rapid transit), minibus 'pesero' and trolleybuses to share bikes.
Metro
Mexico City is served by Sistema de Transporte Colectivo , metro system 225.9 km (140 mi), the largest in Latin America. The first section opened in 1969 and has been expanded to 12 lines with 195 stations. Metro carries 4.4 million people every day. It is the world's 8th busiest metro system, behind Tokyo (10.0 million), Beijing (9.3 million), Shanghai (7.8 million), Seoul (7.3 million), Moscow (6.7 million) , Guangzhou (6.2 million)), and New York City (4.9 million). It is highly subsidized, and has some of the lowest rates in the world, each trip costs 5.00 pesos (about 0.27 USD) from 05:00 to midnight. Several stations display the artifacts and pre-Columbian architecture found during the construction of the metro. However, the metro accounts for less than half of the total urban area. Metro stations are also distinguished by the use of icons and glyphs that are created for illiteracy, a unique system that has become characteristic of Mexico City. Each icon is developed based on history (character, site, pre-Hispanic motif), linguistic, symbolic (glyph), or geographical reference. The icon complementary system used for MetrobÃÆ'ºs (BRT) stops.
Sub-urban tracks
A suburban rail system, the Peseros
Peseros is usually a half-length passenger bus (known as microbe ) that sits 22 passengers and stands up to 28. In 2007, about 28,000 pesos carried up to 60 percent of city passengers. In August 2016, Mayor Mancera announced that new pesero vehicles and concessions would be completely eliminated unless they were eco-friendly vehicles, and in October 2011 the Secretary of Mobility HÃÆ' Â © ctor Serrano stated that by the end of the current government (2018) there will no longer be by pesos/microbuses that circulate altogether, and the new full-sized bus will take over the route.
Medium size bus
In 2014, the city launched the so-called "Bus Rapid Service", with medium-sized Mercedes-Benz Boxer buses carrying 75-85 passengers painted in purple-white, replacing "peseros" on certain route groups. Operation is a concession to a private company (SAUSA, COTOBUSA, TREPSA) not to individual vehicle operators.
Full-size bus
The city agent M1, formerly Red de Transporte de Pasajeros (RTP), operates a variety of large bus networks including regular, EcobÃÆ'ºs, Circuito Bicentenario, Atenea, Express, schools and night routes. By 2016, more bus routes are added to replace pesero routes.
In 2016, the SVBUS express bus service is launched, with limited stops and utilizing the city's toll road at the second level of Perifà © rico and SupervÃÆ'a Poniente ring roads and connects Toreo/Cuatro Caminos with Santa Fe, San JerÃÆ'³nimo LÃ|dice and Tepepan near Xochimilco in the southeast.
Sub-city buses also depart from the city's main intercity bus station.
Bus rapid transit
The city's first transit fast bus line, MetrobÃÆ'ºs , began operations in June 2005, along Avenida Insurgentes. More lines are opened and by mid-2017 there are 6 routes with plan 7 along the Paseo de la Reforma to connect Santa Fe to the city center and head north. When each lane is opened, minibus 'pesero' is transferred from each route, to reduce pollution and travel time. By mid 2017, there are 568 MetrobÃÆ'ºs buses. By the end of 2016 they carry an average of 1.1 million passengers daily.
MexibÃÆ'ºs provides 3 fast transit bus lines connecting Metro Ciudad Azteca and Metro PantitlÃÆ'¡n with CuautitlÃÆ'¡n, Ecatepec and other suburbs in the State of Mexico.
Trolleybus, light rail, tram
Electrical transport in addition to the metro also exists, in the form of several Mexico City bus routes and the Xochimilco Light Rail line, both operated by Servicio de Transportes ElÃÆ'Â © ctricos. The last tramway in the city center (tram line, or tranvÃÆ'a ) was closed in 1979.
Road and car transport
By the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ejes viales ; a high-volume, one-way street crossing, in theory, Mexico City is right from side to side. The eje vial network is based on a quasi-Cartesian grid, with ejes itself being called Eje 1 Poniente , Eje Central , and Eje 1 Oriente , for example, for north-south road, and Eje 2 Sur and Eje 3 Norte , for example, for east-west. Ring road is Interior Circuito (inner ring), Anillo Perific  © rico; The Mexiquense Exit Circuit Line ("Outer State of Mexico") passes the eastern and eastern edge of the metropolitan area, the Chamapa-La Venta highway that passes the northwest bank, and Arco Norte actually passes through a metropolitan area with a bow from the northwest (Atlacomulco) to the north (Tula, Hidalgo) to the east (Puebla). The second level (where the toll is charged) of Perifà © à © rico, colloquially called segundo piso ("second floor"), is officially opened in 2012, with parts still being completed. Viaducto Miguel AlemÃÆ'¡n crosses the east-west city from Observatorio to the airport. In 2013, SupervÃÆ'a Poniente opened, a highway connecting Santa Fe's new business district with southwest Mexico City.
There is an environmental program, called Hoy No Circula, or "One Day without a Car"), where vehicles that have not passed the emissions test are prohibited from circulating on certain days according to the final digit of their license plate ; in an effort to reduce pollution and traffic congestion. While in 2003, the program still limited 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area, with the application of tighter emission standards in 2001 and 2006, in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests..
Parking
Street parking in urban environments is largely controlled by franeleros aka viene vienes (lit. "come on, come on"), which asks the driver for parking fees, in theory to keep car, but with the implicit threat that franelero will damage the car if the pay is not paid. Double parking is a common thing (with franeleros moving the car as needed), blocking the available lanes for traffic to traverse. To address that and other problems and to increase revenue, 721 meters of parking (as of October 2013), have been installed in the mid-west neighborhood of Lomas de Chapultepec, Condesa, Roma, Polanco and Anzures, operating from 8 am to 8 pm on weekdays and charged a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes, with car breakers fired, cost about 500 pesos to be removed. 30 percent of the income of 16 million pesos per month (as of October 2013) from the parking meter system (named "ecoParq") is for environmental improvement. Licensing for all zones exclusively to new companies without experience in parking meter operations, Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario, has caused controversy.
Bicycling
Local governments continue to reduce massive traffic congestion, and increase incentives to make bike-friendly cities. This includes North America's second largest bicycle share system, EcoBici, launched in 2010, where registered residents can earn a bike for 45 minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos per year. There is, in September 2013, 276 stations with 4,000 bikes in an area that stretches from the historic center to Polanco. within 300 meters (980 feet) of each other and fully automated using transponder based cards. Bicycle-service users have access to some permanent Ciclovas (bike/path/path), including along Paseo de la Reforma and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one walk 59 kilometers (37 miles) from Polanco to Fierro del Toro, located in the south Cumbres del Ajusco National Park, near the Morelos state line. The city's initiative is inspired by examples of forward thinking, such as the Danish Copenhagenisation.
Intercity bus
The city has four main bus stations (North, South, Observatorio, TAPO), which comprise one of the largest transport agglomerations in the world, with bus services to many cities across the country and international connections. There are several intercity buses departing directly from Mexico City International Airport.
Airport
Mexico City served by Mexico City International Airport (IATA Airport Code: MEX). The airport is busiest in Latin America, with daily flights to the United States and Canada, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Europe and Asia. Aeromà ©  © xico (Skyteam) is based at this airport, and provides codeshare agreements with non-Mexican airlines that reach the world. The airport is also the center for Volaris, Interjet and Aeromar.
By 2016, the airport handles nearly 42 million passengers, about 3.3 million more than the previous year. This traffic exceeds the current airport capacity, which historically concentrates the majority of air traffic in the country. The alternative option is Lic. Adolfo LÃÆ'³pez Mateos International Airport (TATA) in Toluca, Mexico State, although due to some airline's decision to stop services to TLC, the airport has decreased passengers to more than 700,000 passengers by 2014 from more than 2.1 million passengers just four years earlier.
At the Mexico City airport, the government was involved in a broad-based restructuring program that included the addition of a new second terminal, which began operations in 2007, and the expansion of four other airports (in the nearby towns of Toluca, QuerÃÆ'Â © taro, Puebla and Cuernavaca) with Mexico City airport, consisting of Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de MÃÆ' Â © xico , distributes traffic to various regions of Mexico. The city of Pachuca will also provide additional expansion to the central Mexico airport network.
During his country-of-state annual speech on September 2, 2014, Mexican President Enrique PeÃÆ' Â ± a Nieto unveiled plans for a new international airport to m
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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