Sweat , also known as sweating , is the production of fluid secreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals.
Two types of sweat glands can be found in humans: eccrine glands and apocrine glands. The eccrine sweat glands are spread over most of the body.
In humans, sweating is primarily a thermoregulation device, achieved by the secretion of water-rich eccrine glands. The maximum adult sweat rate can reach 2-4 liters per hour or 10-14 liters per day (10-15 g/min, Â · m 2 ), but less in children before puberty. Evaporation of perspiration from the skin surface has a cooling effect due to evaporative cooling. Therefore, in hot weather, or when individual muscles heat up due to exertion, more sweat is generated. Animals with slight sweat glands, like dogs, achieve the same temperature-pungent temperature results, which evaporate water from the moist layers of the oral cavity and pharynx.
Horses have sweaty armpits like primates like humans. Although sweating is found in many different types of mammals, relatively few (exceptions including humans and horses) produce large amounts of sweat to cool down.
Video Perspiration
Definition
- Diaphoresis and hydrosis words can either mean sweat (in the sense they are synonymous with sweat ) or excessive sweating (in the sense they can be synonymous with hyperhidrosis or differentiated from just by clinical criteria who engage in the narrow special senses of the words).
- Hypohidrosis is reduced to sweating due to any cause.
- Focal hyperhidrosis increases or sweats excessively in certain areas such as the armpits, palms, soles of the feet, face, or groin.
- Hyperhidrosis is excessive sweating, usually secondary to underlying conditions (in this case called secondary hyperhidrosis) and usually involves the body as a whole (in this case called generalized hyperhidrosis).
- Hydromeiosis is a reduction in sweat caused by clogging of sweat glands in humid conditions.
- A substance or drug that causes sweat is sudorifik or surgery.
Maps Perspiration
Signs and symptoms
Sweat contributes to body odor when metabolized by bacteria on the skin. Medicines used for other treatments and diets also affect odors. Some medical conditions, such as kidney failure and diabetic ketoacidosis, can also affect the smell of sweat. Areas that produce excessive sweating usually appear pink or white, but, in severe cases, may appear cracked, scaly, and soft.
Cause
Diaforesis is a symptom or sign that is not specific, which means that it has many possible causes. Some of the causes of diaphoresis include physical exertion, menopause, fever, toxic or irritant consumption, and elevated environmental temperatures. Strong emotions (anger, fear, anxiety) and remembering past traumas can also trigger sweating.
Most of the sweat glands in the body are innervated by sympathetic cholinergic neurons. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons usually secrete norepinephrine and are named sympathetic adrenergic neurons; However, the sympathetic postganglionic neurons that conserve the sweat glands secrete acetylcholine and are therefore called sympathetic cholinergic neurons. Sweat glands, piloerector muscles, and some blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic cholinergic neurons.
Pathological sweating
Diaphoresis may be associated with some abnormal conditions, such as hyperthyroidism and shock. If accompanied by unexplained weight loss or fever or by palpitations, shortness of breath, or discomfort in the chest, this indicates a serious illness.
Diaphoresis is also seen in acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), from increased shooting of the sympathetic nervous system, and is common in serotonin syndrome. Diaphoresis can also be caused by many types of infections, often accompanied by fever and/or chills. Most infections can cause some degree of diaphoresis and it is a very common symptom in some serious infections such as malaria and tuberculosis. In addition, pneumothorax may cause diaphoresis with splinting chest wall. Malignant neuroleptic syndromes and other malignancies (eg leukemia) can also cause diaphoresis.
Diabetics who rely on insulin injections or oral medications may have low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), which can also cause diaphoresis.
Drugs (including caffeine, morphine, alcohol, certain antidepressants and antipsychotics) may be the cause, as well as withdrawal from alcohol, benzodiazepines, nonbenzodiazepines or narcotic narcotic addiction. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system such as cocaine and amphetamine is also associated with diaphoresis. Diaforesis due to ectopic catecholamines is a classic symptom of pheochromocytoma, a rare tumor of the adrenal glands. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (eg some insecticides) also cause smooth muscle contraction of the sweat glands that cause diaphoresis. Mercury is best known for its use as a sweeter, and was widely used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by doctors to "cleanse" the body of disease. However, due to high mercury toxicity, secondary symptoms will manifest, mistakenly associated with previous illnesses being treated agile.
Acrodynia infantil (mercury poisoning in childhood) is characterized by excessive sweating. A doctor should immediately consider acrodynia in a child who is sweating profusely.
Some people can develop sweat allergies. Allergies are not due to sweat itself but vice versa for proteins that produce allergies that are secreted by bacteria found on the skin. Tannic acid has been found to suppress allergic responses along with bathing.
Hyperhidrosis
In some people, the body's mechanisms for cooling themselves are too active - so overactive that they can sweat four or five times more than they normally do. Millions of people are affected by this condition, but more than half have never received treatment due to embarrassment or lack of awareness. While it most often affects the armpits, legs, and hands, it is possible for a person to experience this condition throughout their body. Face is another common area for hyperhidrosis to be a problem. Uncontrolled sweating is not always expected and may be embarrassing for people with this condition. May cause physiological and emotional problems in the patient. This is generally a legacy problem found in every ethnic group. It is not life-threatening, but it threatens the quality of one's life. Treatment modalities are sympathetic nerve clippings at T4 level by torakoscopic means.
Night sweats
Mechanism
Sweating allows the body to regulate its temperature. Sweating is controlled from the center in the preoptic and anterior regions of the hypothalamus of the brain, where the thermosensitive neurons reside. The heat regulating function of the hypothalamus is also affected by the input of the temperature receptors in the skin. Higher skin temperatures reduce the set point of the hypothalamus to sweat and increase the benefits of the hypothalamus feedback system in response to core temperature variations. Overall, however, the sweaty response of hypothalamic temperature rise ('nuclei') is much greater than the response to the same increase in average skin temperature.
Sweating causes a decrease in core temperature through evaporative cooling on the skin surface. When high energy molecules evaporate from the skin, releasing energy absorbed from the body, the skin and superficial vessels experience a decrease in temperature. The cooled venous blood then returns to the core of the body and negates the rise in core temperature.
There are two situations where the nerves will stimulate the sweat glands, causing sweat: during physical heat and during emotional stress. In general, emotionally induced sweats are confined to the palms, the soles of the feet, the underarms, and sometimes the forehead, while the heat-induced sweat is physically occurring throughout the body.
People have an average of 2-4 million sweat glands. But how much sweat is released by each gland is determined by many factors, including gender, genetics, environmental conditions, age or fitness level. Two of the major contributors to the level of perspiration are a person's level of fitness and weight. If a person is heavier, the level of sweat tends to increase as the body has to exert more energy to function and there is more body mass to cool down. On the other hand, a healthy person will start sweating early and be better prepared. When a person becomes fit, the body becomes more efficient at regulating body temperature and the sweat glands adapt together with other body systems.
Sweat is not pure water; always contains a small amount (0.2-1%) of the solute. When a person moves from a cold climate to a hot climate, adaptive changes occur in the person's sweating mechanism. This process is called acclimatization: the maximum level of sweating increases and the composition of the solute decreases. The volume of water lost in daily sweat varies considerably, ranging from 100 to 8,000 mL/day. Loss of solute can be as much as 350 mmol/day (or 90 mmol/day acclimatized) of sodium under the most extreme conditions. During the average intensity exercise, the lost sweats can average up to 2 liters of water/hour. In cold climates and in the absence of exercise, loss of sodium can be very low (less than 5 mmol/day). The sodium concentration in sweat is 30-65 mmol/l, depending on the level of acclimatization.
Composition
Sweat is mostly water. The eccrine sweat microfluidine model provides details about the partition of the solute into sweat, their partition mechanism, and their fluid transport to the skin surface. Dissolved in water is a small amount of minerals, lactic acid, and urea. Although the mineral content varies, some of the measured concentrations are: sodium ( 0.9 gram/liter ), potassium ( 0.2 g/l ), calcium ( 0.015 g/l) ), and magnesium ( 0.0013 g/l ).
With respect to plasma and extracellular fluids, the ion concentration of Na is much lower in sweat (~ 40 mM in sweat versus ~ 150 mM in plasma and extracellular fluid). Initially, in the eccrine gland, sweat has a high concentration of Na ion. In the sweat duct, the Na ion is reabsorbed into the tissue by the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) located in the apical membrane of epithelial cells forming the ducts (see Figure 9 of the reference).
Many other elements are also excreted in sweat, again indicative of their concentration (although measurements may vary fifteenfold) zinc ( 0.4 milligram/liter ), copper ( 0.3-0.8 mg/l ), iron ( 1 mg/l ), chromium ( 0.1 mg/l ), nickel ( 0.05 mg/l ), and lead ( 0.05 mg/l ). Perhaps many less abundant minerals leave the body through sweating with lower concentrations. Some exogenous organic compounds make their way into sweat as exemplified by the "smell of maple syrup" that is unknown in some species in the genus of Lactarius fungus. In humans, sweat is hypoosmotic relative to plasma (ie less concentrated). Sweat is found at moderate to neutral pH levels, usually between 4.5 and 7.0.
Society and culture
Artificial respiration
Artificial skin that is capable of sweating is similar to the level of natural sweat and with surface texture and wet skin properties have been developed for research purposes. Artificial sweat is also available for in-vitro testing, and contains 19 amino acids and minerals and metabolites that are most abundant in sweat.
Diagnostics
There is an interest in its use in wearable technology. Sweat can be sampled and felt non-invasively and continuously using electronic tattoos, bands, or patches. However, sweat as a diagnostic fluid presents many challenges as well, such as very small sample volumes and filtering (dilution) of larger hydrophilic analytes. Currently the only major commercial application for sweat diagnostics is for testing infant cystic fibrosis based on sweat chloride concentration.
See also
References
Further reading
- Ferner S, Koszmagk R, Lehmann A, Heilmann W (1990). "[Reference value of Na () and Cl (-) concentrations in adult perspiration]". Zeitschrift fÃÆ'¼r Erkrankungen der Atmungsorgane (in German). 175 (2): 70-5. PMID 2264363. Ninel ER, Bullard RW, Stolwijk JA (July 1971). "The importance of skin temperature in sweat settings". Journal of Applied Physiology . 31 (1): 80-7. PMID 5556967.
- Sato K, Kang WH, Saga K, Sato KT (April 1989). "Biology of sweat glands and their disturbances, I function normal sweat gland". Journal of American Dermatology Academy . 20 (4): 537-63. doi: 10.1016/S0190-9622 (89) 70063-3. PMID 2654204.
External links
- Media related to Perspiration on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments