Ship gun fire-control system

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Ship's gun fire control system (GFCS) is a fire-control system for enabling remote and automatic rifle targeting of surface ships, aircraft, and coastal targets, with optical or radar observations.

Most US vessels that are destroyers or larger (but not destroyers escort or escort) use GFCS for 5-inch and larger weapons, to battleships, such as the USS Iowa . Starting with ships built in the 1960s, GFCS is integrated with missile-fire control systems and other ship sensors.

The main component of GFCS is a manned director, with or replaced by a radar or television camera, computer, stabilizer or gyro, and equipment in the planning room

For USN, the most common cannon computer is the Ford Mark 1, then Mark 1A Fire Control Computer, which is an electro-mechanical ballistic analog computer that delivers accurate shooting solutions and can automatically control one or more pairs of weapons against stationary or moving targets on the surface or in the air. It gave American troops a technological advantage in World War II against the Japanese who did not develop Remote Power Control for their weapons; both the US Navy and the Japanese Navy used a visual correction of the shot using splashes or air bursts, while the USN reproduced visual spotting with Radar. Digital computers would not be adopted for this purpose by the US until the mid-1970s; However, it should be emphasized that all analog anti-aircraft fire control systems have severe limitations, and even USN Mk 37 systems require nearly 1000 rounds of 5 "mechanical ammunition mix per kill, even at the end of 1944.

MK 37 Gun Fire Control System combines the Mk 1 computer, the Mk 37 director, the gyroscopic stable element together with automatic weapon control, and is the first USN dual purpose GFCS to separate the computer from the director.

Video Ship gun fire-control system

Histori

The naval fire control resembles ground-based weapons, but without the sharp distinction between direct and indirect fire. It is possible to control multiple types of the same weapon on one platform simultaneously, while both firing weapons and targets move. Although the ship is spinning and moving at a slower speed than the tank, gyroscopic stabilization is highly desirable. Navy gunfire control potentially involves three levels of complexity:

• Local control comes from the installation of primitive weapons aimed at each gun crew.
• The fire control system was pioneered by the Royal Navy in 1912. All weapons on one vessel were placed from a central position placed as high as possible on the bridge. The director became a wartime design feature, with a Japanese "Pagoda-style" pole designed to maximize the views of the director in a long span. The firefighter measures the height of salvos and point of view to individual weapons.
• Coordinated shots from ship formation at one target are the focus of fleet warships. An officer in the carrier will signal the target information to another ship in the formation. It is necessary to exploit tactical advantage when one fleet successfully crossed another T, but the difficulty of distinguishing splats makes the entrance to the target more difficult.

Correction can be made for surface wind speed, firing roll and pitch vessel, powder magazine temperature, robbed projectile drift, individual bore gun diameter adjusted for shot-to-shot enlargement, and rate of change of range with additional modifications to ignition solutions based on observation of shots previous. More sophisticated fire control systems are more concerned with these factors than relying on a simple correction of the observed fall. Different color dye dyes are sometimes included with large shells so that individual weapons, or individual ships in formation, can distinguish their shell shells during the day. The early "computers" were people who used numerical tables.

Central fire control and World War I

The centralized naval fire control system was first developed around the time of World War I. Local controls were in use until then, and remained used on small warships and auxiliaries through World War II. It may still be used for machine guns on patrol boats. Starting with the British warship HMSÃ, Dreadnought , large warships have at least six similar large weapons, which facilitate central fire control.

For the UK, their first central system was built before the Great War. At the heart is an analog computer designed by Commander (then Admiral Sir) Frederic Charles Dreyer who calculates the rate of change of range. The Dreyer Table must be repaired and presented in an interwar period in which the point was replaced in new vessels and reconstructed by the Admiralty Fire Control Table.

The use of the Director-fired dismissal along with the fire control computer moves the control of the weapon laying from the individual tower to the central position, although any gun mount and multi-gun tower can maintain local control options for use when the battle damage limit of the Director's information transfer. Weapons can then be fired in planned salvo, with each pistol giving a slightly different trajectory. Shot dispersions caused by differences in individual weapons, individual projectiles, powder ignition sequences, and temporary ship structural distortions are particularly large in typical ranges of naval engagement. The directors on the superstructure had a better view of the enemy than the tower's view, and the crew that operated it were far from sounds and gunshots.

Fire control calculated by analog

Unmeasured and uncontrolled ballistic factors such as high altitude, humidity, air pressure, wind direction and speed required final adjustment through observation of the fall of the shot. Visual range measurements (from both targets and shell splints) are difficult before the availability of radar. Britain loves rangefinders by chance while German and US Navy, stereoscopic types. The former is less able to revolve around an obscure target but easier on the operator over a long period of use, the latter vice versa.

During the Battle of Jutland, while Britain was considered by some to have the best fire control system in the world at the time, only 3% of their shots actually hit their targets. At that time, the UK mainly used manual fire control systems. This experience contributes to the computational rangekeeper being the standard problem.

The first US Navy launch of the goalkeeper was in the USSÃ, Texas in 1916. Due to technological limitations at the time, the early forest rangers were raw. For example, during World War I the rangekeepers would produce the required corners automatically, but the sailors had to manually follow the directions of the rangekeepers. This task is called a "pointer" but the crew tends to make an unintentional mistake when they become tired during a long battle. During World War II, servomechanisms (called "power drives" in the US Navy) were developed which allowed the weapon to automatically redirect to the rangekeeper command without manual intervention, although the pointer still works even if the automatic controls are lost. Mk. 1 and Mk. Computer 1A contains about 20 servomechanisms, most servos positions, to minimize the torque load on computational mechanisms.

Radar and World War II

Over a long period of work, forest rangers are constantly updated along with technological advances and by World War II they are an important part of an integrated fire control system. The incorporation of radar into the fire control system at the beginning of World War II provided vessels with the ability to conduct effective long-range firing operations in bad weather and at night.

In a typical British World War II ship fire control system connects individual rifle towers to tower directors (the place of observation instruments) and analog computers at the heart of the ship. In tower directors, operators train their telescopes on targets; one telescope measuring elevation and other bearings. A separate surveillance telescope measures the distance to the target. These measurements are changed by the Fire Control Table into bearings and altitudes for firearms. In the turret, the gunler adjusts the height of its weapon to match the indicator which is the elevation that is sent from the Fire Control table - the turret layer does the same for bearing. When the weapons were on target they were fired centrally.

The Aichi Clock Company first produced the Type 92 Shagekiban Low Angle analog computer in 1932. The USN Rangekeeper and Mark 38 GFCS breeders had an advantage over the Imperial Japanese Navy system in operation and flexibility. The US system allows the planning team to quickly identify changes to target movements and apply appropriate corrections. Newer Japanese systems such as Type 98 Hoiban and Shagekiban in class Yamato are more up to date, which eliminates Sokutekiban, but still rely on 7 operators.

In contrast to the US radar assistance system, the Japanese relied on the average optical distance meter, lacked gyros to sense the horizon, and required manual follow-up handling in Sokutekiban, Shagekiban, Hoiban and the weapon itself. This could play a role in the bleak gig war of the Force Center in Battle off Samar in October 1944.

In that action, American destroyers pitted the world's largest armored armored ship and cruisers dodged long enough to reach a torpedo range, firing hundreds of accurate shots automatically to the 5-inch target. Cruise ships did not land on the escorting carrier aircraft until after an hour of chase has reduced the range to 5 miles. Although the Japanese pursued the doctrine of achieving superiority in the range of long rifles, one cruiser became a victim of a secondary explosion caused by a shot from a single "gun" gunner (127 mm) gun. Finally with the help of hundreds of transported aircraft, a central force was repulsed before shortly before it was able to resolve the survivors from a lightly armed task force to escort escorts and escort Taffy 3 carriers. The Surigao battle had previously established a clear advantage of the US radar assistance system on evening.

The target prediction character of the rangekeeper position can be used to defeat the goalkeeper. For example, many captains under long range gun attacks will create violent maneuvers to "chase salvos." A ship chasing salvo maneuvered into the last salvo spark position. As the guard continually predicts a new position for the target, it is unlikely that the next salvo will attack the previous salvo position. The turning direction is not important, as long as it is not predicted by the enemy system. Since the purpose of the next salvo depends on the observation of position and velocity at the time of the previous salvo, it is the optimal time to change course. The goalkeeper should practically assume that the target moves in a straight line with constant velocity, to keep the complexity to an acceptable extent. A sonar goalkeeper is built to include a rotating target at a constant turn radius, but the function has been disabled.

Only RN and USN are reaching the 'blind fire' radar fire control, without the need to visually get the opposing ship. Axis powers all do not have this ability. Classes like Iowa and South Dakota can throw a shell above the visual horizon, in the dark, through smoke or weather. The American system, together with many contemporary large navies, has a stable vertical Gyroscopic element, so they can keep the solution on target even during maneuvers. At the beginning of World War II, British, German and American warships were able to shoot and maneuver using advanced analog-fire control computers that combined the Gyro and Gyro Level compass. Off Cape British Sea Fleet View uses radar that is ambushed and abused Italian fleet, although the fire is actually under the control of optics using starshell. At the Battle of the Guadalcanal Sea, USSÃ, Washington , in total darkness, caused fatal damage to the Kirishima warship using a combination of optical and radar fire controls; the comparison between optical and radar tracking, during combat, suggests that radar tracking matches optical tracking in accuracy, while a radar range is used throughout the battle.

The last combat action for analogue forest rangers, at least for the US Navy, was in the 1991 Persian Gulf War when forest rangers in Iowa-the fighter class steered their final round in battle.

Maps Ship gun fire-control system

The Royal Navy System

• Table Dreyer
• Pollen Argo Clock
• Admiralty Fire Control Table - from the 1920s
• HACS - A/A system from 1931
• Fuze Keeping Clock - A simplified HACS A/A system for destroyers from 1938
• Pom-Pom Director - pioneered the use of fire controls Takimetric gyroscopic for melee weapons - From 1940
• Gyro Rate Unit - pioneered the use of gyroscopic Tachymetric fire-control for medium-caliber weapons - From 1940
• Royal Navy Radar - pioneered the use of radar for A/A fire-control and centimeter radar for surface fire control - starting in 1939

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US Navy System

MK 33 GFCS

The Mk 33 GFCS is a power-driven fire control director less advanced than MK 37. Mark 33 GFCS uses the Mk 10 crew, an analog fire control computer. The entire goalkeeper is installed in an open director rather than in a separate planning room as in RN HACS, or then 37 MPS 37 GFC, and this makes it difficult to improve Mk 33 GFCS. It can calculate a shoot solution for a target that moves up to 320 knots, or 400 knots on a dive. The installation began in the late 1930s on destroyers, cruisers and aircraft carriers with two Mk 33 directors mounted on the front and back of the island. They have no fire control radar at first, and are only addressed by sight. After 1942, some of these directors were closed and had a Mk 4 fire-control radar added to the director's roof, while others had Mk4 radar added over the open director. With Mk 4 large aircraft up to 40,000 yards can be targeted. It's less reaching against low-flying aircraft, and large surface ships must be within 30,000 meters. With radar, targets can be seen and beaten accurately at night, and through the weather. Mark 33 and 37 systems use target tachimetric target predictions. USN never considered Mk 33 as a satisfactory system, but wartime production problems, and weight gain and space requirements of Mk 37 blocked the exit step of Mk 33: "Though superior to older equipment, the internal computing mechanism the distance guard (Mk10) is too slow, both in reaching the initial solution initially taking the target and accommodating frequent changes in the solution caused by target maneuvering.Thus, Mk 33 is clearly inadequate, as shown to some observers in the air attack simulation However, the final recognition of the seriousness of the shortcomings and the initiation of the replacement plan is delayed by the under-deck space difficulties mentioned in connection with the replacement of Mk28.In addition, the priority of replacing older and less effective director systems in wartime wartime production programs is responsible for facts that the service of Mk 33 is extended until the cessation of the permusu han. "

MK 37 GFCS

"While defects were not forbidden and Mark 33 remained in production until quite late in World War II, the Bureau began the development of an improved director in 1936, just 2 years after the first installation of Mark 33. The aim of weight reduction was not met, due to the director's system produced actually weighs about 8000 pounds more than the equipment scheduled to replace, but the Director Gun Mark 37 that emerges from the program has virtue that is more than compensated for its extra weight.Although the command of a given gun is equal to that given at Mark 33, it gives them reliability which is larger and delivers a generally better performance with a 5 inch gun battery, whether it is used for surface or anti-aircraft usage.In addition, stable elements and computers, instead of being contained in a housing director are installed under a deck where they are less susceptible to attack and less of a danger to stable itas ship. The design provided for the addition of the last radar, which then allows blind shots with the director. In fact, the Mark 37 system is almost constantly being fixed. By the end of 1945 the equipment had gone through 92 modifications - almost twice the total number of existing director types in the fleet on 7 December 1941. Procurement eventually totaled 841 units, representing an investment of over $ 148 million. Destroyers, cruisers, warships, aircraft carriers, and many other aids use directors, with individual installations varying from one destroyer to four on every warship. The developments of Mark 33 and 37 Director Guns provide the United States Fleet with good range control over the aircraft attack. But while it seems the most pressing problem at the time the equipment is placed in development, it is just one part of the total air defense problem. At close range, the directors' accuracy fell sharply; even in the middle range, they leave a lot to be desired. The weight and size of equipment destroyed against rapid movement makes it difficult to move from one target to another. Their efficiency is thus inversely proportional to the proximity of hazards. "The computer was completed as a Ford Mk 1 computer in 1935. Level information for altitude alteration enabled the complete solution for moving plane targets of more than 400 mph.The destroyer started with the Sims class that used one of the computers , the warship up to four.System's effectiveness against the aircraft is reduced as the aircraft becomes faster, but towards the end of World War II an upgrade is made to the Mk37 System, and it is made compatible with the development of VT (Time Variables) proximity of exploded distances when it is near the target, not by timers or altitudes, greatly increasing the likelihood that one shell will destroy the target.

Mark 37 Director

The function of Director Mark 37, which resembles a turret with "ear" rather than a weapon, is to track the present position of the target in bearing, elevation, and range. To do this, it has an optical view (rectangular window or hatch on the front), optical reconnaissance (tube or ear sticking out each side), and then model, fire control radar antenna. The rectangular antenna for the Mark 12 FC radar, and the parabolic antenna on the left ("orange peel") is for the 22 Mk FC radar. They are part of the improvement to improve aircraft tracking.

The Director Officer also has a killing view that is used to direct the director quickly towards a new target. Up to four Mark 37 Gun Fire Control Systems are installed on battleships. On a warship, the director is protected by a 1.5-inch armor, and weighs 21 tons. Director 37 Mark on USS Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. protected with one and a half inch steel plate and weighs 16 tons.

Stabilizing the signal from the Stable Element makes the optical vision telescope, reconnaissance, and radar antenna free from deck slant effects. The signal that keeps the horizontal axis reconnaissance is called "crosslevel"; elevation stabilization is called just "level". Although the stable element is below the deck in the Plot, next to the Mk.1/1A computer, its internal gameplay follows the director's movement in relation and altitude thereby providing direct cross-level and data. To do so, accurately, when a fire control system is initially installed, a surveyor, working in several stages, moves the weapon director's position into the Plot so that the internal mechanism of the stable element is itself properly aligned to the director.

Although scouts have significant mass and inertia, the servo crosslevel is usually only loaded lightly, because the reconnaissance inertia itself is essentially horizontal; servo tasks are usually just to make sure that the reconnaissance and sight telescope remain horizontal.

Mk. 37 train directors (bearings) and elevation drivers are performed by D.C motors fed from Amplidyne amplifier amplifier amplifier. Although the Amplidyne train is rated at several kilowatts of maximum output, its input signal comes from a pair of 6L6 audio beam vacuum tubes (valves, in the UK).

Space planning

In a warship, the Secondary Battery Charge Space is below the water level and inside the armor belt. They contain four complete sets of fire control equipment needed to drive and shoot to four targets. Each set includes Mark 1A computers, Mark 6 Stable Elements, FC and radar control displays, parallax corrector, switchboard, and people to operate it all.

(At the beginning of the 20th century, sequential ranges and/or bearing readings may be mapped either by hand or by a fire control device (or both.) Humans are excellent data filters, able to plan a useful trend line given a rather non- consistent, and Mark 8 Rangekeeper is a plotter.Specific name for fire-control equipment room is rooted, and persist even when there is no plot.)

Ford Mark 1A Fire Control Computer

The Mark 1A Fire Control Computer is an electro-mechanical ballistic analogue computer. Originally designated Mark 1, the design modifications are broad enough to turn it into "Mk 1A". Mark 1A emerged post World War II and may have incorporated technology developed for Bell Labs Mark 8, Fire Control Computer. Sailors will be standing around a 62 inch long box, 38 inches wide, and 45 inches tall. Although built extensively using aluminum alloy frames (including thick internal support plates) and computational mechanisms made mostly of aluminum alloys, weigh as many cars, about 3125 pounds, with Star Shell Computer Mark 1 adding another 215 lb. It used 115 volts AC, 60 Hz, single phase, and usually some ampere or even less. Under the worst error conditions, the synchronization seems to draw as much as 140 amperes, or 15,000 watts (roughly the same as 3 houses when using an oven). Almost all computer inputs and outputs are performed by synchro torque transmitters and receivers.

Its function is to direct the weapon automatically so that the projectiles fired will collide with the target. This is the same function as the Mk 8 Rangekeeper main battery used in Mark 38 GFCS except that some of the targets that Mark 1A has to handle are also moving in height - and much faster. For surface targets, the Secondary Battery Fire Control problem is the same as the Primary Battery with the same type input and output. The main difference between the two computers is their ballistics calculations. The amount of height the gun required to project a 5-in-shell distance of nine nautical miles (17 km) is very different from the height required to project a 16-in shell of the same distance.

In operation, this computer receives the target range, bearing, and altitude of the shotgun director. As long as the director is in the target, the grip on the computer is closed, and the movement of the weapon director (along with changes in range) makes the computer integrate the internal values ​​of the target movement to a value corresponding to the target. While convergent, the computer feeds the tracking ("generated") ranges, pads, and elevations to the shotgun director. If the target remains on a straight line with a constant velocity (and in the case of an aircraft, constant altitude change ("climbing rate"), the prediction becomes accurate and, by further calculation, gives the correct value for the gun lead angle and fuze setting.

In short, the target movement is a vector, and if it does not change, the resulting range, bearing, and altitude are accurate up to 30 seconds. After the target movement vector becomes stable, the computer operator tells the weapon director ("Plot Solution!"), Which usually gives the command to start firing. Unfortunately, the inference vector process of this target movement takes a few seconds, usually, which may take too long.

The process of determining the vector of the target movement is carried out primarily with an accurate speed-constant motor, integrator disk-ball-roller, nonlinear cams, mechanical resolver, and differential. Four special coordinate modifiers, each with mechanisms in parts such as a traditional computer mouse, convert received correction into target motion vector values. Mk. 1 computer attempts to convert coordinates (partially) with a square-to-polar converter, but it does not work as well as it wants (sometimes trying to create a negative speed target!). Part of the design changes that define Mk. 1A is a rethink of how best to use this special coordinate converter; the coordinate converter ("vector solver") is omitted.

The Stable Element, which in contemporary terminology will be called a vertical gyro, stabilizes the scene in the director, and provides data to calculate the stabilization correction of weapon orders. The chisel gun angle means the gun-stabilizer command is different from that required to keep the director's view stable. The ideal calculation of gun gun angle requires a number of tribes that are not practical in mathematical expression, so the calculation is approximate.

To calculate the lead angle and fuze timing, the target vector component of the target movement as well as its range and altitude, wind direction and velocity, and own ship motion combined to predict the target location when the shell reaches it. This calculation is performed primarily with mechanical resolvers ("component solvers"), multipliers, and differentials, but also with one in four three-dimensional cams.

Based on predictions, the other three of the three-dimensional cameras provide data on ballistics of weapons and ammunition designed for computers; it can not be used for different sizes or types of rifles except with rebuilding which can take weeks.

Servos on computers increase torque accurately to minimize loading on the computational mechanism output, thereby reducing errors, and also positioning large sync that sends rifle commands (bearing and elevation, viewing angle of view, and fuze timing). This is an electromechanical "bang-bang", but has a very good performance.

The issue of anti-aircraft fire control is more complicated because it has additional requirements to track targets at altitude and make target predictions in three dimensions. The output of Mk 1A is the same (bearing the gun and elevation), unless the fuze time is added. The fuze time is required because the ideal instantly hits a fast moving plane with a projectile that is not practical. With the fuze time set to the shell, it is expected that it will explode close enough to the target to destroy it with shock waves and shrapnel. Towards the end of World War II, the discovery of the VT proximity fuze eliminated the need to use fuze time calculations and possible errors. This greatly increases the chances of destroying the air targets. Computer controls of digital fires were not introduced into service until the mid-1970s.

The targeting center of an arms director has little complication because the weapons are often far enough away from the director to ask for parallax corrections so they aim properly. At Mk. 37 GFCS, Mk1/1A send parallax data to all gun gun; each mountain has its own scale factor (and "polarity") arranged in the control-drive (control) power drive (servo) drive (bearing).

Twice in its history, internal scale factors have been altered, perhaps by changing gear ratios. Target speed has a hard upper limit, fixed by mechanical shutdown. Originally 300 knots, and then doubled in each rebuild.

These computers were built by Ford Instrument Company, Long Island City, Queens, New York. The company is named after Hannibal C. Ford, genius designer, and headmaster of the company. Special machine tools cam groove facial machine and accurately duplicated 3-D ballistic cams.

In general, the computer is very well designed and built, extremely rugged, and virtually trouble-free, the tests often include entering values ​​through the handcranks and reading results at a fast, with time motor stopping. This is a static test. Dynamic tests are performed in the same way, but use manual acceleration "timelines" (integrators) to prevent possible slippage errors when motor time is on; motor time is shut down before run completes, and the computer is allowed to slide down. The easy manual process of timeliness brings the dynamic test to the desired end point, when the call is read.

Like most such computers, flipping the lever on the handcrank support casting allows automatic reception of data and removes the handcrank gear. Reversing the other way, the gear moves, and the power is cut to the receiver's servo motor.

The mechanisms (including servos) on this computer are depicted superbly, with many excellent illustrations, in the OP Naval publication 1140.

There are photos of the computer interior at the National Archives; some are on the webpage, and some of them have been rotated quarter of a turn.

Stable Elements

The Mk 6 Stable Element (pictured ) function in this fire control system is the same as the Mk 41 Stable Vertical function in the main battery system. This is a vertical search gyroscope ("vertical gyro", in current terms) that supplies a system with steady upward directions on a rolling and oncoming ship. In surface mode, it replaces the elevation signal of the director. It also has a surface mode burning button.

It is based on an upright gyroscope so that the rotation axis is vertical. Housing for rotating gyrants rotates at low speeds, at 18 rpm. On the opposite side of the housing are two small tanks, partially filled with mercury, and connected with a capillary tube. Mercury flows into the lower tank, but slowly (a few seconds) due to tube restriction. If the gyro turn axis is not vertical, the extra weight in the bottom tank will attract the house if it were not for the gyro and rotation of the house. The speed of rotation and mercury flow rate combine to place the heavier tank in the best position to make the gyro precess vertically.

When the ship changes rapidly at speed, acceleration due to turns can be enough to confuse the gyro and make it deviate from the actual vertical. In such a case, the ship's gyrocompass sends a deactivation signal that closes the solenoid valve to block the mercury stream between the tanks. Very low gyro drive is not a problem for a short time; when the ship goes on a more general exploration, a system that erects correct errors of any kind.

The Earth Rotation is fast enough and needs to be corrected. Small adjustable weights on the threaded stem, and the latitude scale make gyro precess at the equivalent angle level of the Earth at the given latitude. The weights, scales, and frames are mounted on the shaft of the synchronous torque receiver fed to the vessel path data of the gyro compass, and compensated by synchro differential driven by a rotator-housing motor. Small compensator in geographically oriented operation, so the support rod for the center of gravity in the east and west.

At the top of the gyro assembly, above the compensator, right in the center, is an exciter coil that is given a low AC voltage. On top of that is a shallow black painted wooden bowl, upside down. Pictured on the surface, in the groove, are two coils basically like two 8's, but more shaped like the D and mirror images, forming a circle with a diametral crossover. One coil shifted 90 degrees. If the bowl (called "umbrella") is not centered on the exciter coil, either or both coils have output representing offset. This voltage is detected phase and amplified to drive two DC servo motors to position the umbrella according to the coil.

The umbrella supports spinning gimbals in relation to the rifle director, and the servo motor produces levels and cross-stabilization signals. Mk. The 1A director carrying the servo receiver moves the pickoff pickpit frames in the stable element through the axis between the two devices, and the Stable Element level and the crosslevel servos feed the signal back to the computer through two other axes.

(Computer control of sonar fire extinguishers on destroyers in the late 1950s requires signal rolls and pitch to stabilize, so coordinate converters containing synchros, resolvers, and servos count the latter of bearing, level, and cross-level gun directors.)

Fire Control Radar

The fire control radar used on Mk 37 GFCS has evolved. In the 1930s, Director Mk 33 did not have a radar antenna. Tizard's mission to the United States provides USN with important data on British radar technology and Navy radar and fire-control radar systems. In September 1941, the first rectangular Mk4 radar control antenna was mounted on the Director of 37 Mk, and became a common feature on the USN Director in mid-1942. Soon airplanes were faster, and in 1944 to increase the speed and accuracy of Mk 4 replaced by a combination of Mk 12 (rectangular antenna) and Mk 22 (parabolic antenna) "orange peel" radar. ( depicted ) in the late 1950s, Mk. 37 directors own Western Electric Mk. 25 X-band conical scanning radar with round and perforated discs. Finally, the SPG 25 circular antenna is mounted on top.

MK 38 GFCS

Gun Mk38 Fire Control System (GFCS) controls the major Iowa's major Iowa-class war guns. The radar system used by Mk 38 GFCS is much more advanced than the primitive radar sets used by the Japanese in World War II. Its main components are the director, planning space, and interconnection data transmission equipment. Both systems, advanced and rear, complete and independent. Their planning space is isolated to protect from the destruction of combat that spreads from one to the other.

Director

Advanced Director Mk38 ( in photo ) is located above the fire control tower. The director is equipped with optical view, optical Mark 48 Rangefinder (long thin box sticking out on each side), and Mark 13 Fire Control Radar antenna (rectangular shape sitting on top). The director's goal is to track the current target and range of targets. This can be done optically with men in using landscapes and Rangefinder, or electronically with radar. (The fire control radar is the preferred method.) The current position of the target is called Line-Of-Sight (LOS), and it is continuously sent to the planning space by synchronous motors. When not using a radar screen to determine Spots, the director is an optical spotting station.

Plotting space

The Major Battery Disposal Room is located beneath the surface of the water and inside the armored belt. It is housed in Mark 8 Rangekeeper's forward system, Mark 41 Stable Vertical, Mk13 FC Radar controls and displays, Parallax Correctors, Fire Control Switchboard, warning phone keypad, battery status indicator, Gunnery Gun assistant, and Fire Controlmen (FC's) (1954 and 1982, FC was appointed as Fire Control Technician (FT's)).

The Rangekeeper Mk8 is an electromechanical analog computer whose function is to continue counting the gun pads and elevation, Line-Of-Fire (LOF), to hit the future position of the target. This is done by automatically receiving information from the director (LOS), FC Radar (range), gyrocompass ship (right ship), ship Pitometer log (speed boat), Stable Vertical (slope deck of the ship, perceived as level) and crosslevel) , and ship anemometers (relative wind speed and direction). Also, before surface action begins, the FT manual input is made for the average initial velocity of the projectile fired out of the barrel of the battery gun, and the air density. With all this information, the goalkeeper calculates the relative movement between his ship and his target. It can then calculate the offset angle and change the range between the current position of the target (LOS) and the future position at the end of the projectile time of the flight. For this bearing and offset range, the gravity, wind, Magnus Effect correction of the spinning projectile, stabilizing signals originating from Stable Vertical, Earth Curvature, and Coriolis effects. The result is turret bearing and elevation orders (LOF). During surface action, range and deflection, Spots and target heights (not zero during Gun Fire Support) are entered manually.

The Mk 41 Stable Vertical is a vertical search gyroscope, and its function is to tell the rest of the how-on-the-ship system to roll and throw. It also holds a battery shoot lock.

The FC Mk 13 radar provides the current target range, and it shows the shooting fall around the target so that the Weapon Officer can improve the system objectives with the range and point of deflection entered into the rangekeeper. It can also automatically track the target by controlling the bearing power cushion of the director. Because of the radar, the Fire Control system can track and shoot at targets in larger ranges and with increased accuracy during daytime, night, or bad weather. This was demonstrated in November 1942 when the USSÃ warship Washington fought with the Japanese Imperial Navy battlecruiser Kirishima in the 18,500 yard (16,900m) range at night. The engagement left Kirishima in the fire, and she was finally drowned by her crew. This gave the United States Navy great advantages in World War II, as Japan did not develop radar or automatic fire control to the US Navy level and was at a significant loss.

Parallax corrector is required because the tower is located hundreds of meters away from the director. There is one for each turret, and each has a manually adjusted turret and director spacing. They automatically receive a relative target (bearing from the ship's own bow), and the target range. They corrected the bearing order for each tower so that all the rounds fired in the salvo gathered at the same point.

The fire control switch regulates the battery. With that, Officer Gunnery can mix and match the three towers to the two GFCS. He can have a turret that is all controlled by the front system, all controlled by the rear system, or splitting the battery to fire on two targets.

Assistant Officer Gunnery and Fire Control Technician operate the equipment, talk to the turret and command the ship with a voice-powered phone, and keep an eye on Rangekeeper's calls and system status indicators for problems. If a problem arises, they can fix the problem, or reconfigure the system to reduce its effect.

MK Fire Control System 51

The 40-mm Bofors anti-aircraft weapon was arguably the best mild anti-aircraft weapon of World War II, used on almost every major warship in the US and British fleets during World War II from around 1943 to 1945. They were most effective on the same ship the magnitude of the escort vessel or greater when combined with an electric hydraulic drive for greater speed and Director Mark 51 ( depicted ) to improve accuracy, the 40mm Bofors pistol becomes a frightening enemy, accounting for about half of all Japanese aircraft were shot down between October 1, 1944 and February 1, 1945.

MK 56 GFCS

The GFCS is a medium-range, anti-aircraft fire control system. It was designed for use against high-speed subsonic aircraft. It can also be used against surface targets. It is a double ballistic system. This means that it is capable of simultaneously producing weapon orders for two different types of weapons (eg: 5 "/38cal and 3"/50cal) against the same target. Its MK 35 radar can track automatically in terms of bearing, elevation, and reach as accurate as any optical tracking. The entire system can be controlled from the Plotting Room below the deck with or without a manned director. This allows for quick target acquisition when the target is first detected and designated by the air-search radar vessel, and yet visible from the deck. The target completion time is less than 2 seconds after the Mk 35 "Lock on" radar. It was designed towards the end of World War II, apparently in response to Japanese kamikaze strikes. It was conceived by Ivan Getting, mentioned near the end of his Oral history, and his connecting computer was designed by AntonÃÆ'n Svoboda. The director of his weapon is not shaped like a box, and there are no optical lookouts. The system is manned by a crew of four people. On the left side of the director, there is a Cockpit where the Full Officer stands behind the Sitting Operator Director (Also called the Pointer Director). Below the deck on the Plot, is the Mk 4 Radar Console in which the Radar Operator and Radar Tracker sit. Movement of the director in the bearing is not limited because it has a slip-ring on the pedestal. (The Mk. 37 weapon director has a cable connection to the hull, and sometimes has to be "removed".) The 26E8 image on this web page shows the director in great detail. The description image of the system shows how it works, but it differs greatly in the physical appearance of the actual internal mechanism, perhaps intentionally. However, this eliminates a significant description of the link computer mechanism. The chapter is an excellent detailed reference that explains many system designs, which are clever enough and forward-thinking in some respects.

In 1968 upgraded to USSÃ, New Jersey for services off Vietnam, three Mark 56 Gun Fire Control Systems were installed. Two on both sides just ahead of the stern pile, and one between the back and rear pole towers Mk 38 Director. This improves the anti-aircraft capabilities of New Jersey, as Mk 56 systems can track and shoot on faster planes.

MK 68 GFCS

Introduced in the early 1950s, MK 68 was an improvement from the 37th MK that was effective against air and surface targets. It combines a manned topside director, conical scanning acquisition and radar tracking, analog computers to calculate ballistic solutions, and gyro stabilization units. The director of the rifle is mounted in a large yoke, and the entire director is stabilized in a crosslevel (yoke axis axis). The axis is in the vertical plane that includes the line of sight.

At least in 1958, the computer was Mk. 47, electronics/electromechanical hybrid system. Somewhat similar to Mk. 1A, it has a high-precision electrical resistor not a mechanical one of the previous machines, and multiplied by precision linear potentiometer. However, it still has a disc/roller integrator as well as shafting to connect mechanical elements. Though access to many Mk. 1A takes a long time and careful disassembly (think of the day in some ways, and maybe a week to get access to a very deep mechanism), the Mark 47 is built on a thick support plate mounted behind the front panel on a slide that allows the six main parts to be pulled out of the housing for easy access to its parts. (Parts, when pulled out, move forward and stern, they are heavy, not offset.Usually a ship rolls through a corner much larger than its throw.) Mk. 47 may have a 3-D camera for ballistics, but information about it seems very difficult to obtain.

The mechanical connections between the main parts through the axis behind the extremes, with the coupling allowing unobtrusive disconnection, and possibly the help of the spring to help re-engagement. One might think that rotating the output axle by hand in the drawn out part would misalign the computer, but the type of data transmission of all such axes does not represent magnitude; only the additional rotation of the given shaft data, and it is summed by the differential at the receiving end. One type of quantity is the output of the mechanical integrator roller; roller position at a certain time is not material; only increases and deductions are taken into account.

While Mk. The calculation of 1/1A for the stabilizer component of the weapon command must be approximate, they are theoretically correct in Mk. 47 computer, calculated by the power supply chain.

Computer design is based on rethinking fire control issues; it is considered very different.

The production of this system lasted for more than 25 years. The digital upgrade is available from 1975 to 1985, and operated in the 2000s. A digital upgrade has been developed for use at Arleigh Burke -class destroyer.

The AN/SPG-53 is a United States Navy flame control radar used in conjunction with the Mark 68 rifle control system. It is used with the Mark 42 5/52 rifle armor class class Mitscher -class class, Forrest Sherman -class destroyer, Farragut Charles F. Adams , Knox - frigates as well as others.

MK 86 GFCS

The US Navy wanted a digital pistol fire control system in 1961 for a more accurate coastal bombardment. Lockheed Electronics produced a prototype with AN/SPQ-9 fire control radar in 1965. Air defense requirements delayed production with AN/SPG-60 until 1971. Mk 86 did not enter service until a nuclear-powered missile cruiser was commissioned in February 1974, mounted on American cruisers and amphibious assault ships. The last US ship receiving the system, USS Port Royal was commissioned in July 1994.

Mk 86 on the Aegis ship - the class controls a 5 "/54 caliber Mk 45 caliber rifle, and can engage up to two targets at once.He also uses a Remote Optical Sighting system that uses a TV Camera with telephoto zoom lens mounted on the pole and each of the irradiating radars.

Weapons Arms System 34 (GWS)

The MK 34 Gun Weapon System comes in various versions. This is an integral part of the Aegis weapons system at Arleigh Burke-a class of missile guided missiles and the Ticonderoga Modified Explorership Vessel. It combines MK 45 5 "/54 or 5"/60 Caliber Gun Mount, MK 46 Optical Sight System or Mk 20 Electro-Optical Sight System and MK 160 Mod 4-11 Gunfire Control System/Gun Computer System. Other versions of the Mk 34 GWS are used by the foreign Navy as well as the US Coast Guard with every configuration having a unique camera and/or weapon system. It can be used against near surface ships and enemy planes, and as Navy Support (NGFS) against coastal targets.

MK 92 Fire Control System (FCS)

The fire control system Mark 92, an Americanized version of the WM-25 system designed in the Netherlands, was approved for service use in 1975. The system was used on a relatively small and violent ship Oliver Hazard Perry - the frigate class to control the MK 75 Naval Gun and the Guided Missile Launcher System 13 MK (missiles have been removed since retirement from the Standard missile version). The Mod 1 system used in CMM (retirement) and the US Coast Guard ship WMEC and WHEC can track an air or surface target using a monopulse tracker and two surface or beach targets. FFG-7 frigate class with Mod 2 system can track air targets or additional surfaces using Track Illuminating Radar (STIR).

Weapon Mk 110 57 mm

The Mk 110 57 mm gun is the latest mid-size caliber rifle. It is based on Bofors 57 Mk 3. Compared to World War II destroyers or escorts equipped with 2 or 5 five-inch guns that can shoot 15 rounds per minute per barrel, a single Mk 110 can fire salvos for up to 220 revolutions per minute, a similar range of nine miles with minimum power in towers with hidden radar marks. Connected to a digital fire control system, the servo-controlled hydraulic laying hydraulic subsystem provides extreme precision accuracy, even in heavy seas. Current and proposed installations for weapons include the US Coast Guard National Security Cutter and the new Littoral fighter.

To improve lethality and flexibility, ammunition is equipped with smart programmable fuze with six modes: contact, delay, time, and 3 proximity modes.

Mk 160 Gun Computing System

Used in the Mk 34 Gun Weapon System, the Mk 160 Gun Computing System (GCS) contains a computer console gun (GCC), a computer display console (CDC), a reproduction recorder, a watertight cabinet that accommodates converters and a data signal mounted microprocessor, control mount mount (GMCP), and velocimeter.

src: navsource.org

See also

• The melee weapon system
• Director (military)
• Fire-control system Land, sea and air-based systems
• A mathematical discussion of the rangenisity
• An analog computer controls the Rangekeeper passenger ship

src: pwencycl.kgbudge.com

Note

src: i.ytimg.com

Bibliography

• Campbell, John (1985). Navy Weapons of the Second World War . Naval Institute Press. ISBNÃ, 0-87021-459-4.
• Fairfield, A.P. (1921). Naval Ordnance . The Lord Baltimore Press.
• Frieden, David R. (1985). Principle of Navy Weapon System . Naval Institute Press. ISBNÃ, 0-87021-537-X.
• Friedman, Norman (2008). Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era . Seaforth. ISBN: 978-1-84415-701-3.
• Pollen, Antony (1980). The Great Gunnery Scandal - Jutland Mystery . Collins. ISBNÃ, 0-00-216298-9.

src: www.navweaps.com

External links

• British High Angle Control System (HACS)
• Best Fire Wars Control - Comparison of World War II warship system
• Attachment one, Classification of Director Instruments
• HACS III Operating Manual Part 1
• HACS III Operation manual Part 2
• USS Enterprise Action Log
• Gunnery RN Pocket
Book
• Control Control Basics
• Manual for Mark 1 and Mark 1a Computer
• Maintenance Manual for Mark 1 Computer
• Manual for Mark 6 Stable Element
• Gun Fire Control System Mark 37 Operations Instructions at ibiblio.org
• The director of computer operations Mark 1 Mod 1 at NavSource.org
• Naval Ordnance and Gunnery, Vol. 2, Chapter 25, AA Fire Control System

Source of the article : Wikipedia