Kohl (Arabic: ????? ?) is an ancient eye cosmetic, traditionally made by grinding stibnite (Sb < sub> 2 S 3 ) for the same purpose as charcoal used in mascara. It is widely used in the Middle East, North Africa, Mediterranean, Eastern Europe, Latin America, South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Horn of Africa, and parts of West Africa as eyeliner for contour and/or darkening eyelids and as mascara for eyelashes. Mostly worn by women, but also by some men and children.
Kohl has also been used in India as a cosmetic for a long time. In addition, mothers will apply kohl to their baby's eyes soon after birth. Some do this to "strengthen the eyes of the child," and others believe it can prevent the child from being cursed by evil eyes.
Video Kohl (cosmetics)
Name
Arabic name ??? ? ku? l and the Hebrew Bible ??? ? to? al (modern Hebrew? ??? "blue") is the same language, from Semit root k -? - l . Transliteration variants of the Arabic dialect include kohl or kuhl .
The Persian word for kohl is sormeh .
This is known as surmah or k? Jal in South Asia.
For Africa, click on
The English word alcohol is a loan from the Arabic word (through Latin Latin and French; originally in the sense of "antimony powder"; modern meaning is from the 18th century).
The Russian word for antimony, ??????, is a loan from the Persian term.
The Greek and Latin terms for antimony, stibium , ?????, ??????, borrowed from the Egyptian name spd .
Maps Kohl (cosmetics)
Middle East and North Africa
Kohl has been traditionally used since the Egyptian Protodinamik Period (about 3100 BC) by the Egyptian queen and noble woman, who use stibnite (tin antimony). The cosmetics pallets used for its preparation take on an important role in late Egyptian culture.
Kohl was originally used as a protection against eye disease. There is also the belief that darkening around the eyes will protect a person from harsh sunlight.
Galena eye paint (later termed Kohl in Arabic from Akkadian for cosmetics) is widely applied in Ancient Egypt. The upper eyelid is painted black and the lower one is green, as depicted in ancient texts depicting the use of both black galena and green malachite. The ancient graveyard from a pre-historic Tasian cultural point to the early application of galena in Egypt, a custom that extends from the Badarian period to the Coptic era. Though found locally, both black galena and green malachite are also imported from nearby areas of West Asia, Coptos and Tanah Punt.
The 18th Dynasty Ancient Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut will also grind the charred incense into kohl eyeliner. This is the first use of resin to be recorded. The incense was initially obtained during the expedition to the ancient Punt Land in the New Kingdom dynasty ( c. 1500 BC).
In addition, the pioneering Muslim scholar Ibn Abi Shayba explained in the compilation of the law how to apply kohl to the eyes, as told by previous authorities.
Berber and Arab women in North Africa and the Middle East, respectively, also apply kohl to their faces. Vertical lines are taken from the lower lip to the chin and along the bridge of the nose. Initially the line from the lower lip to the chin indicates whether a woman is married or not. The shape using Kohl on the face comes from the Arabian Peninsula, and was introduced in the 7th century in North Africa.
Horn of Africa
The use of kohl eye paints on the Horn of Africa comes from the ancient Punt Kingdom. Somali, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Eritrean women have long applied kohl ( kuul ) for cosmetic purposes, as well as to cleanse eyes, extend lashes, and to protect the eyes from sunlight.
West Africa
Kohl is also applied in parts of West Africa by Fulani and the affiliated Hausa people. In addition, it is used by Tuareg, Wolof, Mandinka, Soninke, Dagomba, Kanuri, and other Muslim majority residents in the Sahel and Sahara regions. Kohl is used by both sexes, and by people of all ages, especially during weddings, Islamic festivals (such as Idul Fitri and Eid al-Adha), and trips to the mosque for weekly Jumuah prayer.
For women, kohl or black-henna is applied to the face also in the same way as people in North Africa do.
South Asia
Kohl is known by various names in South Asian languages, such as surma in Punjabi, Sylheti and Urdu, kajal in Hindi, Bengali and Gujarati, kajal in Sanskrit, kajalh in Marathi, kanmashi in Malayalam, kaadige in Kannada, we like in Telugu and < i> mai in Tamil. In India, this is used by women as a type of eyeliner that is placed around the edge of the eye. In many parts of India, especially in South India, especially Karnataka, women in the household prepare kajal. This homemade kajal is used even for babies. The local tradition considers it an excellent cooling for the eyes and believes that it protects the visions and visions of the sun.
Some companies manufacture Ayurvedic Herbal medicine India or Ancient India add camphor and other medicinal herbs that are beneficial to the eyes on their kajal. Not only as a cosmetic but also a medicine for the eyes.
In Punjabi culture, surma is a traditional ceremonial dye, which mainly Punjab people wear around their eyes at special social or religious events. Usually applied by the wife or mother of that person.
Some women also add a kajal point on the left side of the forehead or in the tear line of women and children to ward off a votive buri . Buri vowel literally means 'bad view' and is comparable to 'evil eye', though that can be interpreted as a bad desire of people or even lustful eyes, in the sense that men glance at women. This indicates that the person is not perfect, with them having a 'black mark', and therefore, people will not be jealous of their beauty. In centuries-old Bharatnatayam Indian dances, dancers use heavy kohl in their eyes to draw attention to their movements and eye movements. The kohl is then applied to the eyebrows and eyelids to add further enhancements to the dancers.
Kohl and Islam
The Prophet Muhammad used kohl and advised others to use it because he believed it was beneficial to the eyes and used by Muslim men today during Ramadan as a sign of devotion. The Prophet "used to use kohl in his right eye three times, and to his left eye twice.A modern Salafi Muslims use kohl because it is the practice of Muhammad.
Get started
Homemade kajal preparation begins by dipping a clean, white, thin muslin cloth, about four by four square inches, in a sandalwood paste or Alstonia scholaris juice (Manjal karisilanganni), which is then dried in the shade. Dye and dry process is done throughout the day. After the sun sets, the axis is made of cloth, which is then used to light a mud lamp filled with castor oil. A copper vessel is stored above the lamp, leaving a little gap, enough for oxygen to help light the lamp. It was left burnt last night. In the morning, one or two drops of pure ghee (clarified butter cow) or castor oil are added to the soot that now coats the brass vessel. Then stored in a clean dry box.
All ingredients used in this preparation (sandalwood/Manjal karsilanganni, castor oil, ghee) are believed to have medicinal properties. They are still used in Indian therapies such as ayurveda and Siddha medicines.
In the interior of Bengal, kajal is made from the plant "Monosha", a kind of succulent plant ( Euphorbia neriifolia ). Monosha leaves are covered with oil and kept on top of it burning (mud lamp). Within minutes, the leaves are covered with a soft, sooty, black soot that is even applied to the baby.
Health issues
The contents of kohl and recipe for preparing it vary widely. In North Africa and the Middle East, homemade kohl is often made by grinding galena (lead sulphide). In the west, producers use amorphous carbon or organic charcoal as a lead substitute. Plant and soot oil from various nuts, seeds, and gum resins are often added to carbon powder. Unfortunately, non-lead products are considered of poor quality against older traditional varieties and therefore there has been an increase in the use of hand-made, lead-based kohl.
For decades various conflicting reports in the literature have been published regarding the application of kohl to the eyes responsible for causing higher blood lead concentrations, which can lead to lead poisoning. While at the same time, a number of studies and research reports have also been published to disprove such relationships with increased blood lead levels in kohl (surma) applications.
A group of researchers in China are trying to find some scientific basis from this claim to claim lead sulfide (galena) related to the absorption of sunlight when applied to the eye in the form of kohl. The authors reported the ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra of thin-film lead sulfides made on the substrate "Indium Tin Oxide" (ITO). The spectrum shows that thin films of lead sulphide have higher absorption and lower transmittance in increased UV light bands with increasing deposition stress.
The drive to remove lead from kohl was triggered by research in the early 1990s on kohl preparations that found high levels of contaminants, including lead. The lead level in commercial kohl preparation is as high as 84%. Kohl samples from Oman and Cairo, analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, were found galena. A decade later, a study of kohl produced in Egypt and India found that one-third of the samples studied contained lead, while the remaining two-thirds contained amorphous, fierce, cupritic, goetite, elemental silicon or powder, hematite, minium, and organic compounds.
The use of lead-contaminated kohl has been linked to elevated lead levels in the bloodstream, putting users at risk of lead poisoning and lead poisoning. Complications of lead poisoning include anemia, growth retardation, low IQ, seizures, and in severe cases, death. Anemia due to lead poisoning is of particular concern in countries of the Middle East and South Asia where other forms of anemia are common, including iron deficiency anemia (from malnutrition) and hemoglobinopathy (sickle cell anemia, thalassemia).
This forbidden product differs from lead free cosmetics using the term "kohl" only to describe the color/color, not the actual material. Some modern eye cosmetics are marketed as "kohl", but are prepared differently and in accordance with relevant health standards.
Eye-like cosmetics are recognized as one of the most important sources of lead exposure in Pakistan. Because of the adverse health effects of heavy metals is a public health problem, where especially tin can cause negative health effects on fetal development and human fetus, a study in Pakistan on the nails of pregnant women by 2016, showing thirteen nail samples from 84 nails which were analyzed, contained leads higher than concentrations (13.6 μg/g) of cases of fatal lead poisoning, with the possibility of external contamination. Observations showed that the lead contains a surma consisting of fine galena particles (lead sulfide ore) in the inhaled dust range (less than 10 m) and the relative bioavailability in vitro lead in surma set as 5.2%. Thus, tin containing surma consists of inhalable and biologically available particles, and it contributes to increased risk of lead exposure.
"Blue" Kohl is a bluish-black black pigment consisting of lead-based compounds as well as antimony compounds. Lead-based compounds in kohl are galena (PbS) - dark gray and laurionite (PbCl (OH)) - white phosgenite ((PbCl) 2 CO 3 ); cerussite (PbCO 3 ) - blue. An antimony-based compound in kohl is stibnite (Sb 2 S 3 ) - blue.
In January 2010, French researchers reported that certain heavy eye makeup worn by the ancient Egyptians may have medical benefits. At submicromolar concentrations, specially tailored lead compounds can lead to overproduction of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), which in turn can lead to increased immune responses.
The ancient Egyptians, documented in Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC), discuss these compounds in kohl as eye protectors. Indeed, kohl is used as an eyeliner and cosmetics. There are a number of endemic eye diseases in the Nile including trachoma, chlamydial organisms that can cause corneal scarring and conjunctival cicatricial disease, with loss of vision. Kohl is used not only as a cosmetic but also as a medicinal colalrium (from Gr Kollurion). The two main compounds of laurionite and phosgene main chlorides - unnatural to the Nile valley. It is believed they were deliberately synthesized by ancient Egypt for this purpose. The widespread use of kohl throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East proves its ability to protect the eyes from infectious diseases and is used as cosmetics.
Legal status
Kohl is not on the list of color additives approved by the Food and Drug Administration, which considers kohl unsafe for use because of potential lead content. It is thus illegal to be imported to, or sold in the United States.
In popular culture
- At the beginning of the 1999 British East London Movie, the character of George Khan was played by Om Puri applying kohl to his son's eyes before his marriage.
- The movie actress Theda Bara uses kohl to glance throughout her career.
- In the program of BBC Four Lost Weekend of his curation, Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards linked his use of kohl to the North African Semi-nomadic tribe, where he often took holidays in the late 1960s.
- Marc Antony in the HBO series Roma is seen wearing Kohl along with many Egyptian characters.
- Jack Sparrow, a character in the movie Pirates of the Caribbean, wears kohl around his eyes.
- The Prince wore a kohl around his eyes throughout his career.
- Edward Gorey writes: "The Wanton, though he knows the dangers/must tingle Kohl about his eyes/and awaken the interest of strangers/with long, husky, erotic sighs."
- In the song "Miss Sarajevo" by U2, a line asks "Is there a time for kohl and lipstick?/time to straighten hair/is there time for High Street shopping?/to find the right dress to wear".
- Mariska Veres, lead singer for the Dutch rock group Shocking Blue, wears a kohl around her eyes.
- In webcomic Gunnerkrigg Court , kohl is referenced by the name surma , which is the name of the protagonist's mother, and the protagonist's name is antimony, the material of kohl.
- Charley, the character in the 2009 movie A Single Man , uses kohl to prepare for a dinner date.
- Rabia, a character in the Pakistani drama 2010 Dastaan, uses kohl to link Bano's eyes to enhance her beauty.
- Raees (played by Shah Rukh Khan) a character in the Indian action film 2017 Raees , wearing kohl throughout the movie as part of his character.
See also
- Henna
References
Note
Bibliography
External links
- Kohl - The Dark World,
- Egypt: Kohl pot, Black steatite, click on image.
- Egypt: Pot kohl bone. Design the statue, click on the picture.
- Kohl (CopperWiki)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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