Bionics

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Bionic or Biologically inspired engineering is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to study and design modern systems and engineering technologies.

The word bionic created by Jack E. Steele in 1958, probably derived from the technical term bion (pronounced BEE-on ; from Ancient Greece: < span lang = "grc"> ???? ), meaning 'life unit' and suffix -ic , which means' like 'or' in the way ', hence' like life '. Some dictionaries, however, describe a word formed as a portmanteau of bio logy and electro nics . It was popularized by the 1970's US television series The Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman, both based on Martin Caidin's Cyborg novel by Martin Caidin is itself influenced by Steele's work. All human features are given superpowers by electromechanical implants.

The transfer of technology between life forms and artificial objects is, according to proponents of bionic technology, desirable because evolutionary pressures usually force living organisms, including fauna and flora, to be highly optimized and efficient. A classic example is the development of dust and waterproof paint (coatings) from observations that practically nothing attaches to the surface of a lotus plant (lotus effect).

The term "biomimetic" is preferred when reference is made to chemical reactions. In that domain, biomimetic chemistry refers to reactions that, in nature, involve biological macromolecules (eg enzymes or nucleic acids) that chemicals can be replicated in vitro using a much smaller molecule.

Examples of bionics in techniques include boat hulls mimicking thick dolphin skin; sonar, radar, and medical ultrasound imaging that mimics animal ecolocation.

In the field of computer science, the study of bionics has produced artificial neurons, artificial neural networks, and swarm intelligence. Evolutionary computing is also motivated by bionic ideas but takes further ideas by simulating evolution in silico and producing a well-optimized solution that never comes in nature.

It is estimated by Julian Vincent, professor of biomimetics at the University of Bath's Department of Mechanical Engineering, that "currently there is only 12% overlap between biology and technology in terms of the mechanisms used".

Video Bionics

History

The name of biomimetics was invented by Otto Schmitt in the 1950s. The bionic term was coined by Jack E. Steele in 1958 while working at the Home of the Aeronautical Division at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. However, terms such as biomimicry or biomimetics are preferred in the technological world in an effort to avoid confusion between bionic medical terms. Coincidentally, Martin Caidin used the word for his 1972 Cyborg novel, which inspired the Six Million Dollar Man series. Caidin was the author of the old aviation industry before switching to full-time fiction.

Maps Bionics

Method

The study of bionics often emphasizes the application of functions found in nature rather than to mimic biological structures. For example, in computer science, cybernetics tries to model the feedback and control mechanisms inherent in intelligent behavior, while artificial intelligence tries to model intelligent functions regardless of the particular way that can be achieved.

Conscious copying of examples and mechanisms of natural organisms and ecology is a form of case-based reasoning applied, treating nature itself as a successful database of solutions. Proponents argue that the selective pressures placed on all natural life forms minimize and eliminate failure.

Although almost all techniques can be said to be a form of biomimicry, the modern origins of this field are usually associated with Buckminster Fuller and codification later as a home or field of study to Janine Benyus.

Bionic is a term that refers to the concept flow from biology to technique and vice versa. Therefore, there are two slightly different angles about the meaning of the word.

In the medical world, bionic means the replacement or improvement of other organs or body parts with mechanical versions. Bionic implants are different from just the prosthesis by imitating the original function very closely, or even exceeding it.

The German language Bionics, Bionic , has always embraced a broader meaning, as it tries to develop engineering solutions from biological models. This approach is motivated by the fact that biological solutions will usually be optimized by evolutionary forces.

While the technology that makes bionic implants may grow gradually, several successful bionic devices exist, famous for being the Australian-made multi-channel cochlear implant (bionic ear), a tool for the deaf. Because of bionic ears, many bionic devices have emerged and work has developed on bionic solutions for other sensory disturbances (eg vision and balance). Recent bionic research provides care for medical problems such as neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as Parkinson's disease and epilepsy.

In 2004 a fully functional artificial heart was developed. Significant progress is expected with the advent of nanotechnology. A well-known example of proposed nanodevice is respirocyte, an artificial red cell, designed (though not yet developed) by Robert Freitas.

Kwabena Boahen from Ghana is a professor in the Bioengineering Department at University of Pennsylvania . For eight years at Penn, he developed a silicon retina that can process images in the same way as a live retina. He confirmed the results by comparing the electrical signals from his silicon retina with the electrical signals generated by the salamander's eye while the two retinas saw the same image.

In 2007, the Scottish company Touch Bionics launched its first commercially available bionic hand, named "i-Limb Hand". According to the company, in May 2010 has been installed for more than 1,200 patients worldwide.

The Nichi-In group working on biomimicking scaffolds in tissue engineering, stem cell and regenerative medicine has provided a detailed classification of biomimetics in medicine.

On July 21, 2015, BBC medical correspondent Fergus Walsh reported: "Surgeons in Manchester have performed the first bionic eye implants in patients with the most common cause of vision loss in developed countries." Ray Flynn, 80, has a dry age associated with macular degeneration that has caused loss his total central vision.He uses a retinal implant that changes the video image of the mini video camera worn on his glasses.He can now see the direction of the white lines on the computer screen using retina implants.Implan, known as Argus II and produced in the US by the company Product Medical Two Vision, has been used previously in blind patients as a result of degenerative eye disease degenerative rare degenerative retinitis pigmentosa.

Politics

The political form of biomimicry is bioregional democracy, in which political boundaries correspond to natural ecoregions rather than human cultures or the result of previous conflicts.

Critics of this approach often argue that ecological selection itself is a poor model to minimize complexity or manufacturing conflicts, and that free markets depend on conscious cooperation, consent, and standards, as well as efficiency - more like sexual selection. Charles Darwin himself argues that both are balanced in natural selection - although his contemporaries often avoid speaking frankly about sex, or there is the opinion that the success of the free market is based on persuasion, not value.

Advocates, especially in the anti-globalization movement, argue that the process of standardization, financing and marketing similar to the marriage process, has become an example of the evolution of escape - creating systems that appeal to consumers but are inefficient in the use of energy and raw materials.. Biomimicry, they argue, is an effective strategy to restore basic efficiency.

Biomimicry is also the second principle of Natural Capitalism.

Other uses

Business biomimetics are the latest developments in biomimetic applications. In particular it applies the principles and practices of biological systems to business strategies, processes, organizational design and strategic thinking. It has been successfully used by various industries in FMCG, defense, central government, packaging and business services. Based on Phil Richardson's work at the University of Bath, the approach was launched at the House of Lords in May 2009.

In a more specific sense, this is a creativity technique that tries to use biological prototypes to get the idea of ​​a technical solution. This approach is motivated by the fact that biological organisms and their organs have been well optimized by evolution. In chemistry, biomimetic synthesis is a chemical synthesis that is inspired by biochemical processes.

Another more recent meaning of the term bionic refers to the incorporation of organisms and machines. This approach produces a hybrid system that incorporates parts of biology and engineering, which can also be referred to as cybernetic organisms (cyborgs). This practical realization is shown in Kevin Warwick's implant experiments that carry ultrasound input through its own nervous system.

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See also

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References

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Source

• Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature . 1997. Janine Benyus.
• Biomimicry for Optimization, Control and Automation , Springer-Verlag, London, United Kingdom, 2005, Kevin M. Passino
• "Stolen Ideas from Nature" ( Wired )
• Bionics and Techniques: The Relevance of Biology to Engineering, presented at the Society of Women Engineers Convention , Seattle, WA, 1983, Jill E. Steele
• Bionic: Nature as a Model . 1993. PRO FUTURA Verlag GmbH, MÃÆ'¼nchen, Umweltstiftung WWF Deutschland
• Lipov A.N. On the origins of modern bionics. Establishment of bio-morphology in an artificial environment//Polygnosis. No 1-2. 2010. Ch. 1-2. Pp. 126-136.
• Lipov A.N. On the origins of modern bionics. Establishment of bio-morphology in an artificial environment//Polygnosis. Not 3. 2010. Part 3. ??. 80-91.

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External links

Institutes

• Bionic Queensland
• Natural Engineering Inspection Center at UCL (University College London)
• Biological Robotics at Tulsa University
• Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering
• The Biomimicry Institute
• Biologically Inspired Design Center
• Biological Inspired Design Group at Design and Intelligence Lab, Georgia Tech
• Biological Inspired Materials Center & amp; Material System
• Development of Biologically Inspired Products at the University of Maryland
• Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials
• Biological Inspired Robotics Research Center at Case Western Reserve University
• Institute of Biological Inspired Materials
• Bio Inspired Technique at Applied University of Kufstein, Austria
• Laboratory for Natural Inspiration Techniques at The Pennsylvania State University

• Media related to Bionics on Wikimedia Commons

Source of the article : Wikipedia