Stigmata
This term comes from the line at the end of Saint Paul to the Galatians where he says, "I bear my body the signs of Jesus." Stigmata is the plural of the Greek word ?????? stigma , meaning sign, tattoo, or brand as may be used for animal or slave identification.
Stigmata is primarily associated with the Roman Catholic faith. Many who report stigmatics are members of a Catholic religious order. Saint Francis of Assisi is the first stigmatic record in Christian history. For more than fifty years, St. Padre Pio of Pietrelcina of the Order Friar Minor Capuchin reported the stigmata learned by some 20th-century doctors.
High percentages (probably over 80%) of all stigmatists are female. In his book Stigmata: Medieval Phenomena in Modern Times, Ted Harrison points out that there is no single mechanism in which stigmata is produced. What is important is that the sign is recognized by others as a religious significance. There are many cases of fake stigmata.
Video Stigmata
Description
The reported cases of stigmata take various forms. Many pointed out some or all of the five Sacred Injuries which, according to the Bible, fell upon Jesus during his crucifixion: wrist and foot injuries, from the nails; and in addition, from the spear. Some stigmatists show wounds on the forehead similar to those caused by the Crown of Thorns. Stigmata as a crown of thorns that appeared in the 20th century, for example in Marie Rose Ferron, has been repeatedly photographed. Other reported forms include tears of blood or sweaty blood, and wounds on the back like from caning.
Many stigmata exhibit recurrent bleeding that stops and then begins, several times after receiving Holy Communion, and most stigmatics have shown a strong desire to frequently receive Holy Communion. A relatively high percentage of stigmatics is also seen in the media, claiming to live with food or water that is minimal (or absent) for long periods of time, except for the Holy Eucharist. Some show weight loss, and closer investigation often reveals evidence of counterfeiting.
Some stigmatists claim to feel pain without external marks; this is referred to as "invisible stigmata". Some stigmatic wounds do not appear clothed, and appear to remain fresh and uninfected. The blood from the wounds is said to have, in some cases, a pleasant and fragrant smell, known as Pure Smell.
People who have gained stigmata are repeatedly described as ecstatic people, overwhelmed with emotion when receiving stigmata. No known case of stigmata has occurred before the thirteenth century.
In his paper Hospitality and Pain, Christian theologian Ivan Illich states: "Compassion with Christ... is a faith so strong and deeply incarnate that it leads to the individual embodiment of the contemplated pain." His thesis is that the stigmata resulted from the extraordinary sharpness of religious belief and the desire to associate with the suffering Messiah.
Maps Stigmata
Specific case
Saint Francis of Assisi
Saint Francis of Assisi is the first stigmatic record in Christian history. In 1224, two years before his death, he began his journey to Mount La Verna for forty days of fasting. One morning near the Crusade Conversion party, a six-winged angel reportedly appeared to Francis as he prayed. As the angel approached, Francis could see that the angel was crucified. He was disdained by the sight, and his heart was filled with joy followed by pain and suffering. When the angel left, Francis was supposedly left with a wound in his hands, feet, and sides as if it were caused by the same spear that pierced the side of Christ. The shadow of the nail immediately appeared on his hands and feet, and the wound on his side often seeped blood. In the traditional artistic depictions of the incident, Francis was accompanied by a Franciscan brother.
The first biographer of St. Francis, Thomas of Celano, reported the incident as follows in his 1230 First Life St. Francis :
When the blessed servant of God sees these things he is filled with miracles, but he does not know what the vision means. He rejoiced in the subtle and gracious expression he saw himself seen by the seraph, whose beauty could not be described; but he was concerned with the fact that the seraph was attached to the cross and suffered greatly. So, Francis got up, it could be said, sad and happy, joy and sorrow took turns in him. He wondered anxiously what this vision meant, and his soul was agitated in search of understanding. And because his understanding was futile in searching for an explanation and his heart was filled with confusion on the great novelty of this vision, signs of nails began to appear in his hands and feet, just as he had seen them a little earlier in the crucified man. on.
Her wrists and legs seem to be pierced by nails, with nail heads appearing on her wrists and on the top side of her legs, dots appearing on the other side. The signs are rounded in the palm of each hand but elongated on the other side, and small pieces of meat protrude out from the others taking the appearance of the nail-tip, bending and being pushed back. In the same way, the marks of the nails impressed on his feet and projected beyond the rest of the meat. In addition, his right side has a large wound as if it has been pierced with a spear, and often bleeds so that his tunic and pants are wet with his sacred blood.
From the records of the physical diseases and symptoms of St. Francis, Dr. Edward Frederick Hartung concluded in 1935 that he knew what health problems that plague St. Francis. Hartung believes that she has an eye disease known as trachoma and quartan malaria.
Quartan malaria infects the liver, spleen, and stomach, causing severe pain victims. One complication of quartan malaria is sometimes seen around the time Francis is known as purpura, purple blood bleeding to the skin. According to Hartung, "If this were the case of St. Francis, he would suffer from enormous purpura .The blood purple spots may have been impaled, while in the wilderness and emerging as such open wounds from Christ. "
The medical hypothesis was then filed in 1987 to explain his injuries, he claimed that St. Francis may have had leprosy.
Saint Padre Pio of Pietrelcina
For more than fifty years, Padre Pio of Pietrelcina reported the stigmata learned by some 20th-century doctors, whose independence from the Church is unknown. Observations are reported to be unexplained and injuries never infected. The wound healed once, but reappeared.
Injuries were examined by Luigi Romanelli, chief physician of the Barletta City Hospital, for about a year. Doctor Angelo Maria Merla noted that the wound was not derived from tuberculosis but could not make a formal diagnosis without further examination. The surgeon Giorgio Festa, a private practitioner, also examined it in 1920 and 1925. Professor Giuseppe Bastianelli, a doctor from Pope Benedict XV, examined his injuries, but there were no reports of his examination. Pathologist Amico Bignami of the University of Rome also observed wounds that described them as superficial. Festa who initially agreed with Bignami then described the wound as shallow when covered with a scab.
Giorgio Festa notes that "at the edge of the lesion, the skin is normal and shows no signs of edema, penetration, or redness, even when examined with a good magnifying glass". Dr. Alberto Caserta took X-rays from his hands in 1954 and found no abnormalities in the bone structure. Dr. Giuseppe Sala who worked as a physician for Pio between 1956-1968 commented that tests revealed that his blood showed no signs of abnormality.
There are religious and non-religious critics who accuse Padre Pio of faking his stigmata, saying he used carbolic acid to make wounds. Historian Sergio Luzzatto recounts that in 1919, according to a document in the Vatican archives, Pio had requested carbolic acid from a pharmacist. He said it was for sterilization.
Amico Bignami in a report wrote that the wound was caused by "neurotic necrosis". He suggests they have been accidentally induced by suggestion and artificially nourished by iodine that Pio uses as a disinfectant.
In 1922, physician Agostino Gemelli wrote that Pio is hysterical and his stigma is caused by self, not of the supernatural. Gemelli also speculated that his wound was left open with carbolic acid.
Throughout his life, Pio has hidden his wounds by wearing gloves without fingers. At the time of death there are no injuries, only "unblemished skin".
Scientific research
Many stigmatists have been exposed as a use of trickery. Magdalena de la Cruz for example confessed before he died that his stigmata was a deliberate fraud.
An early neurologist DÃÆ'Â © sirÃÆ'Â © -Magloire Bourneville published works stating that saints who claim to produce miracles or stigmata, and those who claim to have actually suffered from epilepsy or hysteria. Some modern studies have shown that stigmata is of hysterical origin or associated with dissociative identity disorder.
There is a relationship between dietary narrowing with self-starvation, dissociative mental states and self-mutilation, in the context of religious beliefs. Anorexia nervosa cases often show self-mutilation similar to stigmata as part of obsessive-obsessive obsessive disorder. The relationship between hunger and self-mutilation has been reported among prisoners of war and during famine.
Psychologist Leonard Zusne in his book Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking (1989) has written:
The cases of stigmatism fall into two categories: self-inflicted wounds, which can be unconscious cases of fraud or unconsciousness, and caused by emotional states... Induced by itself (through suggestions) itching and scratching where individuals are unaware of the possibility of occurs to people who can be proved if the stimulus is a mental picture or actual Crucifixion used during meditation and if the main motive is receiving stigmata. The motive behind it may be unconscious conflicts and a desire to escape from unbearable situations to be unlawful where one's needs are taken care of. Then it becomes a case of hysterical conversion reaction. Many cases of stigmatism can be described as fraudulent or unknowingly self-inflicted injuries.
In his book Stigmata: Medieval Phenomena in Modern Times, Ted Harrison points out that there is no single mechanism in which stigmata is produced. Harrison found no evidence from contemporary case studies that the signs were of supernatural origin. He concluded, however, that the signs of natural origin do not need a hoax. Some stigmatists mark themselves in an attempt to suffer with Christ as a form of piety. Others marked themselves by accident and their marks were recorded as stigmata by witnesses. Often the signs of human origin produce a profound and sincere religious response.
Harrison also notes that the male stigmatic ratio, which over the centuries has ranged from 7 to 1, has changed over the last 100 years to a 5: 4 ratio. Stigmata appearances often coincide with a time when the authority issue appears to be large in the Church. What is significant about stigmatics is not that they are predominantly male, but they are not ordained. Having a stigmata gives them direct access to the body of Christ without the need of the Church's permission through the Eucharist. Only in the last century have priests been stigmatized.
It has been suggested that rare cases of non-self-induced stigmata can be explained by painful bruising syndrome.
The skeptical investigator Joe Nickell who has investigated recent stigmata cases like Katya Rivas, commented that they are indistinguishable from hoaxing.
In 2002, a stigmatic Therese Neumann psychoanalytic study has claimed that its stigma results from post-traumatic stress symptoms expressed in unconscious self-improbability through autos autism.
Non-Christian Stigmata
Among the Warao Delta Orinoco, an entertainer of bodyguards may mystically encourage the development of "(imagined) openings in the palm of his hand." That these guardian spirits presented by "itiriti snake" made analogs similar to the Seraph that awarded Francis of Assisi with its stigmata.
Buddhist "Stigmata" are regularly indicated in Buddhist art.
Some spiritual mediums also produce stigmata. During the ances of the German medium of Maria Vollhardt, it was suspected that a bloody wound appeared. But Albert Moll, a psychiatrist, considers the phenomenon as a fraud.
Famous Stigmatis
References
Further reading
- Biot, RenÃÆ'Â ©. (1962). Enigma from Stigmata . Book of Hawthorn.
- Carroll, Robert Todd. (2003). Stigmata Skeptical Dictionary . Wiley. ISBN: 978-0-471-27242-7
- Harrison, Ted. (1994). Stigmata: Medieval Phenomena in Modern Times . St Martins Press. ISBNÃ, 0-312-11372-2
- Mazzoni, Cristina. (1996). Saint Hysteria: Neurosis, Mysticism, and Gender in European Cultures . Cornell University Press. ISBNÃ, 0-8014-3229-4
- Nickell, Joe. (1993). Looking for Wonders: Icons Crying, Legacy, Stigmata, Sight & amp; Healing Medication . Book of Prometheus. ISBNÃ, 1-57392-680-9
- Radford, Benjamin. (2014). What is Stigmata? . LiveScience. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
- Wilson, Ian. (1988). Bleeding Thoughts: Investigating into the Mysterious Phenomenon of Stigmata . Weidenfeld and Nicholson. ISBN: 0-297-79099-4
- Yarom, Nitza. (1992). Body, Blood, and Sexuality: A Study of Psychoanalysis from Stigmata St. Francis and its Historical Context . Peter Lang Publisher.
External links
- Stigmata page at Catholic.org
- Catherine's mysticism from Siena
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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