Teheran ( ; Persian: ????? ? TehrÃÆ' Â ¢ n [t? eh '??: n] Ã, ( listen ) ) is the capital of Iran and the province of Tehran. With a population of about 8.8 million in the city and 15 million in the greater metropolitan area of ​​Greater Tehran, Tehran is the most populous city in Iran and West Asia, and has the second largest metropolitan area in the Middle East. It is ranked 29th in the world by its metropolitan area population.
In the Classical era, parts of the region of Tehran are currently occupied by Rhages, the leading Median city. It is subject to destruction through the Arab, Turkish, and Mongol invasions of the Middle Ages. The relics of modern times remain as urban areas absorbed into the metropolitan area of ​​Teheran Raya.
Tehran was first elected as the capital of Iran by Agha Mohammad Khan of the Qajar dynasty in 1796, to remain within close proximity of Iranian territory in the Caucasus, before being separated from Iran as a result of the Russian-Iran War, and to avoid the factions fiery from an earlier Iranian dynasty. The capital has been moved several times throughout history, and Tehran is Iran's 32nd national capital. Massive destruction and rebuilding began in 1920, and Tehran has been the goal of mass migration from all over Iran since the 20th century.
Tehran is home to many historical collections, including the Golestan royal complex, Sa'dabad, and Niavaran, where the last two dynasties of the Empire State of Iran sit. The most famous landmarks of Tehran include the Azadi Tower, a memorial built under the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1971 to mark the 2,500th year of the foundation of the Empire State of Iran, and the Milad Tower, the sixth world - the tallest independent tower completed in 2007. The Tabiat Bridge, a newly built landmark, was completed in 2014.
The majority of Tehran's population is Persian-speaking, and about 99% of the population understand and speak Persian, but there is a large population of other ethno-linguistic groups living in Tehran and speaking Persian as a second language.
Tehran is served by Mehrabad and Khomeini international airports, the central railway station, the Tehran Metro rapid transit system, the bus rapid transit system, trolleybuses, and major road networks.
There are plans to relocate the Iranian capital from Tehran to other areas, mainly due to air pollution and city exposure to earthquakes. Until now, no definite plan has been approved. A 2016 survey of 230 cities by Mercer consultants puts Tehran's 203th for quality of life. According to the Global Destination City Index by 2016, Tehran is one of the ten fastest growing destinations.
Video Tehran
History
The origin of the Tehran name is uncertain. The Tehran settlements date back more than 7,000 years.
Classic Era
Tehran lies within the historical realm of Media (Old Persia: ??? M Da Da ) in northwest Iran. During the Median Empire, parts of the current region of Tehran were the leading suburbs of the Median Rhage (Old Persia: ??? Rag? ). At Avesta's Videvdat (i, 15), Rhages is referred to as the 12th sanctuary made by Ohrmazd. In the Ancient Persian inscription, Rhages appears as a province (Bistun 2, 10-18). From Rhages, Darius I sends reinforcements to his father Hystaspes, who lays the rebellion in Parthians (Bistun 3, 1-10). In some Middle Persian texts, Rhages are given as Zoroastrian birth places, although modern historians generally place Zoroastrian births in Khorasan. The modern-day Pengayom Rhages, Ray, is a city located on the southern tip of Tehran, which has been absorbed into the Great Tehran metropolitan area.
Mount Damavand, Iran's highest peak, located near Tehran, is an important location in Ferdowsi's ?? hn? Me , an Iranian epic poem based on the ancient legend of Iran. It appears in the epic as the homeland of the protoplasm Keyumars, the birthplace of the king of Manuchehr, where the king of Freydun tied the demonic dragon A? Dah? K (Bivarasp), and where Arash fired his arrow from.
Medieval
During the reign of the Sassanian Empire, in 641, Yazdgerd III issued his final appeal to the nation of the Rhages, before fleeing to Khorasan. Rhages were dominated by the Parthian Mehran family, and Siyavakhsh - son of Mehran son of Bahram Chobin - who rejected the 7th century Muslim invasion of Iran. Because of this resistance, when the Arabs captured the Rhages, they ordered that the city be destroyed and rebuilt by traitors, Farrukhzad.
In the 9th century, Teheran was a famous village, but less known than the town of Rhages, which grew nearby. Rhages are described in detail by Muslim geographers of the 10th century. Although it is interested that the Baghdad Arabs are featured in Rhages, the number of Arabs in the city remains insignificant and the population mainly consists of Iranians of all classes.
The Oghuz Turks invaded Rhages secretly in 1035 and 1042, but the city was found under the Seljuk and Khwarezmians. The medieval writer Najm od Din Razi declared a population of Rhages about 500,000 before the Mongol invasion. In the 13th century, the Mongols invaded Rhages, laid the city in ruins, and massacred many of its inhabitants. After the invasion, many townspeople fled to Tehran.
In July 1404, the Castile Ambassador Ruy GonzÃÆ'¡lez de Clavijo visited Tehran while en route to Samarkand, the capital of the Eastern Turco-Mongol conquerors, who ruled Iran at the time. In his diary, Tehran is described as an unprotected area.
early modern era
Italian traveler Pietro della Valle passed through Tehran overnight in 1618, and in his memoirs, he called the city as Taheran . British tourist Thomas Herbert entered Tehran in 1627, calling it Tyroan . Herbert stated that the city has about 3,000 homes.
At the beginning of the 18th century, Karim Khan of the Zand dynasty ordered a palace and government office to be built in Tehran, perhaps to declare the city of his capital; but he later moved his government to Shiraz. Finally, Qajar king Agha Mohammad Khan chose Tehran as the capital of Iran in 1776.
Agha Mohammad Khan's choice of his capital is based on the same concerns for controlling northern and southern Iran. He was aware of the loyalties of the inhabitants of the former capital of Isfahan and Shiraz into the Safavids and Zand dynasties, and was wary of the power of local leaders in these cities. Thus, he may see the lack of substantial urban structures as a blessing, since it minimizes the likelihood of resistance to his rule by important people and by the general public. In addition, it must remain within reach of Azerbaijan and the northern and southern parts of the Caucasus of Iran - at that time have not disappeared irrevocably per treaty from Golestan and Turkmenchay to neighboring Russian Empire - which will follow the course of the 19th century.
After 50 years of Qajar rule, the city still has over 80,000 inhabitants. Until the 1870s, Tehran consisted of a walled fort, a roofed bazaar, and three main neighborhoods Udlajan, Chale-Meydan, and Sangelaj, where the majority lived.
The first development plan of Tehran in 1855 emphasized the traditional spatial structure. However, architecture finds an eclectic expression to reflect a new lifestyle. The second major planning exercise in Tehran took place under the supervision of Dar ol Fonun. The 1878 Tehran plan includes a new city wall, in the form of a perfect octagon with an area of ​​19 square kilometers, imitating the Renaissance cities of Europe.
End of the modern era
The growing social awareness of civil rights resulted in the first Constitutional Revolution and Iranian constitution in 1906. On 2 June 1907, the parliament passed a law on local government known as Baladie (city law), giving a detailed outline of issues such as the role of city council, member qualification, election process, and eligibility requirements. Then Qajar king Mohammad Ali Shah abolished the constitution and bombarded parliament with the help of the Russian-controlled Cossacks Brigade on 23 June 1908. It followed the capture of the city by the revolutionary forces of Ali-Qoli Khan (Sardar Asad II) and Mohammad Vali Khan (Sepahsalar e Tonekaboni) on July 13, 1909. As a result, the king was exiled and replaced with his son Ahmad, and parliament was re-established.
After World War I, the constituent assembly elected Reza Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty as the new king, who immediately suspended the Baladae law in 1907, replacing a decentralized and autonomous city council with centralized governmental and planning approaches.
From the 1920s to the 1930s, under the reign of Reza Shah, the city was basically rebuilt from scratch. It follows the systematic dismantling of some old buildings, including parts of Golestan Palace, Tekye Dowlat, and Tupkhane Square, replaced by modern buildings influenced by classical Iranian architecture, especially the National Bank building, Police Headquarters, Telegraph Office, and Military Academy.
Changes in urban fabric began with the 1933 widening act, which served as a framework for change in all other cities. The Grand Bazaar is divided into two and many historic buildings are demolished to be replaced by a wide straight path. As a result, the traditional texture of the city was replaced with intersecting cross streets that created large roundabouts, located in the main public spaces such as bazaars.
In an effort to create a network for easy transportation within the city, the old fort and city walls were destroyed in 1937, replaced by wide streets that cut urban cloths. The map of the new city of Tehran in 1937 was strongly influenced by the modern planning pattern of the zoning and gridiron networks.
During World War II, Soviet and British troops entered the city. In 1943, Tehran was the site of the Tehran Conference, attended by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Soviet Prime Minister Joseph Stalin, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
The establishment of the Iranian planning organization in 1948 produced the first socio-economic development plan that spanned from 1949 to 1955. These plans not only failed to slow the unbalanced growth of Tehran, but with land reform in 1962 that the son of Reza Shah and Mohammad's successor Reza Shah named the White Revolution , Tehran's chaotic growth is increasingly emphasized.
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Tehran grew rapidly under the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah. The modern building changed the face of Tehran and the ambitious project imagined for the next few decades. To solve the problem of social exclusion, Tehran's first comprehensive plan was approved in 1968. The consortium of Iranian architects Abd-ol-Aziz Farmanfarmaian and the American company Victor Gruen Associates identified the main problems that caused the city to be high. density fringes, air and water pollution, inefficient infrastructure, unemployment, and rural-urban migration. Finally, the whole plan was marginalized by the 1979 Revolution and the subsequent Iran-Iraq War.
The most famous landmark of Teheran, the Azadi Tower, was built by the Shah's orders in 1971. It was designed by Hossein Amanat, an architect who won the competition to design monuments, combining classic Sassanian architectural elements with post-classical Iranian architecture. Formerly known as Shahyad Tower , was built to commemorate the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Iranian Empire State.
During the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War, Tehran was the target of Scud missile attacks and repeated air strikes.
The 435-meter Milad Tower, which is part of the proposed development projects in pre-revolutionary Iran, was completed in 2007, and has become a popular landmark in Tehran. The 270 meter ferry overpass at Tabiat Bridge is a newly built landmark, designed by award-winning architect Leila Araghian, completed in 2014.
Maps Tehran
Geography
Locations and subdivisions
The city of Tehran is divided into 22 urban districts, each with its own administrative center. 20 of the 22 city districts are located in the Central District of Tehran County, while districts 1 and 20 are each located in Shemiranat and Ray districts.
Meskipun secara administratif terpisah, kota-kota Ray dan Shemiran sering dianggap sebagai bagian dari Teheran Raya.
North Tehran is the richest part of the city, consisting of various districts such as Zaferanie, Jordan, Elahie, Pasdaran, Kamranie, Ajodanie, Farmanie, Darrous, Qeytarie, and Qarb Town. While the city center serves as the government ministry and headquarters, more commercial centers are located to the north.
Climate
Tehran features a cold semi-arid climate (climatic classification KÃÆ'¶ppen: BSk) with continental climatic characteristics and Mediterranean climate rainfall patterns. Tehran's climate is largely determined by its geographic location, with Alborz's towering mountains to the north and the country's central desert to the south. Generally can be described as mild in spring and autumn, hot and dry in summer, and cold and wet in winter.
Since the city is large with significant altitude differences among the various districts, the weather is often colder in the hilly north than in southern Tehran. For example, 17.3 km (10.7 million) Valiasr Street runs from Tehran train station at an altitude of 1,117 m (3,665 ft) above sea level south of the city to Tajrish Square at 1712.6 m (5612.3 ft) altitude above sea level in the north. However, the altitude can even rise up to 2,000 m (6,600 feet) at the tip of Velenjak in northern Tehran.
Summer is long, hot and dry with little rain, but relative humidity is generally low, making the heat tolerable. The average high temperatures are between 32 and 37 Â ° C (90 and 99 Â ° F), and it can drop to 14 Â ° C in the northern mountains of the city at night. Most annual annual rainfall occurs from late fall to mid-spring, but no single month is very wet. The hottest month is July, with an average minimum temperature of 26 Â ° C (79 Â ° F) and an average maximum temperature of 34 Â ° C (93 Â ° F), and the coldest is January, average -5 Â ° C (23 Â ° F) and average maximum temperature of 1 Â ° C (34 Â ° F).
Weather in Tehran can sometimes be very difficult to predict. The record high temperature is 43Ã, Â ° C (109Ã, Â ° F) and the record low is -20Ã, Â ° C (-4Ã, Â ° F). On January 5 and 6, 2008, heavy snow and low temperatures enveloped the city in thick snow and ice, forcing the Council of Ministers to formally declare a state of emergency and close the capital on January 6 and 7..
Tehran has seen an increase in relative humidity and annual precipitation since the beginning of the 21st century. This is most likely due to an afforestation project, which also includes the expansion of parks and lakes. The northern part of Tehran is still more fertile than the southern part.
In February 2005, heavy snow covered all parts of the city. The depth of the snow is 15 cm in the southern part of the city and 100 cm in the northern part of the city. A newspaper said it was the worst weather for 34 years. 10,000 bulldozers and 13,000 city workers were deployed to keep the main road open.
On February 3, 2014, Tehran hit heavy snowfall, particularly in the northern part of the city, with a height of 2 meters. Within a week of continuous snowfall, roads were made impassable in some areas along with temperature variations of -8 Â ° C to -16 Â ° C.
On June 3, 2014, a powerful thunderstorm with a powerful microbial explosion created a haboob that swallowed the city with sand and dust. Five people were killed and more than 57 wounded. This disaster also hit many trees and power lines. It struck between 5 and 6 pm, fluffing the temperature from 33 Ã, Â ° C to 19Ã, Â ° C in just one hour. The dramatic drop in temperature accompanied by wind gusts reached nearly 118 km/h.
Environmental issues
Plans to move capital have been discussed many times in previous years, mainly due to environmental problems in the region. Tehran is considered one of the most polluted cities in the world, and is also located near two major fault lines.
The city is suffering from severe air pollution. 80% of the city's pollution is due to cars. The remaining 20% ​​is due to industrial pollution. Another estimate suggests that motorcycles alone account for 30% of air and 50% of noise pollution in Tehran.
In 2010, the government announced that "for security and administration reasons, plans to move the capital from Tehran have been completed." There are plans to relocate 163 state and university companies from Tehran to avoid potential earthquake damage.
Officials are engaged in combat to reduce air pollution. It has, for example, pushed cabs and buses to convert from gasoline engines to machines running in compressed natural gas. In addition, the government has set up a "Traffic Zone" which includes the city center during rush hour traffic. Signing in and driving within this zone is permitted only with special permission.
There are also plans to raise public awareness about the dangers of pollution. One of the methods currently being employed is the installation of the Pollution Indicator Board throughout the city to monitor the current particle levels (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), ozone (O 3 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and carbon monoxide (CO).
Demographics
The city of Tehran has a population of about 7.8 million in 2006. With its cosmopolitan atmosphere, Tehran is home to diverse ethnic and linguistic groups from all over the country. The dominant language in Tehran today is Persian language by Tehrani, and the majority of people in Tehran identify themselves as Persians. However, earlier, the original language of the Tehran-Ray region was not Persian, which is linguistically Southwest Iran and originated from Fars, but now the extinct language of Northwestern Iran.
Azeris Iran forms the second largest ethnic group in the city, comprising about 20% to 1/4 of the total population, while the Mazanderanis are the third largest, comprising about 5% of the total population. Other ethnic communities of Tehran include Kurdish, Armenian, Georgian, Bakhtyaris, Talysh, Baloch, Assyrian, Arabic, Jewish, and Circassians.
According to the 2010 census conducted by the Department of Sociology of the University of Tehran, in many districts of Tehran in various socioeconomic classes in proportion to the size of the population of each district and socioeconomic class, 63% of people are born in Tehran. , 98% know Persian, 75% identify themselves as Persian, and 13% have proficiency in European language.
Tehran saw a drastic change in its ethno-social composition in the early 1980s. After the political, social and economic consequences of the 1979 Revolution and subsequent years, some Iranians, mostly Tehran, left Iran. The majority of Iranian emigration has gone to the United States, France, Germany, Sweden, and Canada.
With the start of the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), a second wave of inhabitants left the city, especially during Iraqi air strikes in the capital. With most of the main powers supporting Iraq at the time, economic isolation gave more reason for many residents to leave the city (and country). After abandoning everything they have and struggling to adapt to a new country and building lives, most of them never return when the war is over. During the war, Tehran also received large numbers of migrants from the west and southwest of the country bordering Iraq.
Unstable situations and wars in neighboring Afghanistan and Iraq push the refugees into a country that arrives in their millions, with Tehran becoming a magnet for many people looking for work, which then helps the city to recover from war wounds, working for much less. pay from local construction workers. Many of these refugees are repatriated with the help of UNHCR, but there are still large Afghan and Iraqi refugee groups in Tehran who are reluctant to leave, being pessimistic about the situation in their own country. Afghan refugees mostly speak Tajikistan and Hazara, speak Persian languages, and Iraqi refugees are mostly Mesopotamian Arabic speakers who are often Iranian heritage.
Religion
The majority of the Tehran people are formally Muslim Shia Twelver, which has also been the state religion since the 16th century conversion of Safavid. Other religious communities in the city include followers of the Sunni and Mystic branches of Islam, Christian denominations, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ' Faith.
There are many religious centers scattered around the city, from old to newly built centers, including mosques, churches, synagogues, and Zoroastrian fire temples. The city also has a very small third generation Indian Sikh community that has a local gurdwara visited by the Prime Minister of India in 2012.
Economy
Tehran is Iran's economic center. About 30% of Iran's public sector workforce and 45% of major industrial companies are in the city, and almost half of these workers are employed by the government. Most of the remaining workers are factory workers, shopkeepers, laborers, and transport workers.
Some foreign companies operate in Tehran, due to the complex international relations of the government. But before the 1979 Revolution, many foreign companies were active in Iran. Tehran's modern industry currently includes automobile manufacturing, electronics and electrical equipment, armaments, textiles, sugar, cement, and chemical products. It is also a major center for carpet and furniture sales. Pars Oil, Speedy, and Behran oil refineries are based in Tehran.
Tehran relies heavily on private cars, buses, motorcycles and taxis, and is one of the most dependent cities on the world's cars. The Tehran Stock Exchange, a full member of the World Federation of Exchanges (WFE) and founding member of the Euro-Asia Stock Exchange Federation, has been one of the best performing stock exchanges in the world in recent years.
Shopping
Tehran has various shopping centers, and has more than 60 modern shopping centers. The city has a number of commercial districts, including those located in Valiasr, Davudie, and Zaferanie. The largest old bazaars in Tehran are the Grand Bazaar and the Tajrish Bazaar.
Most international branded stores and upscale shops are located in the north and west of the city. The retail business of Tehran is growing with several new shopping malls and shopping centers.
Tourism
Tehran, as one of the main tourist destinations in Iran, has a wealth of cultural attractions. It is home to the Golestan royal complex, Saadabad and Niavaran, built under the rule of the two last kingdoms of the country.
There are several historic, artistic and scientific museums in Tehran, including the National Museum, Malek Museum, the Museum of Cinemas at Ferdows Garden, Abgineh Museum, Qasr Prison Museum, Carpet Museum, Reversed Glass Painting Museum (art vitray)), and Safir Office Machine Museum. There is also the Museum of Contemporary Art, which houses the work of renowned artists such as Van Gogh, Pablo Picasso, and Andy Warhol.
The Iran Imperial Crown Jewels, one of the world's largest gem collections, are also on display at the Tehran National Jewelry Museum.
Sejumlah pameran budaya dan perdagangan berlangsung di Teheran, yang sebagian besar dioperasikan oleh International Exhibition Company milik negara. Pameran Buku Internasional tahunan Tehran dikenal dunia penerbitan internasional sebagai salah satu peristiwa penerbitan paling penting di Asia.
Infrastruktur
Transportasi
Jalan raya dan jalan-jalan
Kota Teheran dilengkapi dengan jaringan jalan raya dan persimpangan besar.
A number of roads in Tehran are named according to international numbers, including:
- Henri Corbin Road, central Tehran
- Simon Bolivar Boulevard, northwest of Tehran
- Edward Browne Street, near Tehran University
- Gandhi Street, northern Tehran
- Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway, west Tehran
- Iqbal Lahori Street, east Tehran
- Patrice Lumumba Road, western Tehran
- Nelson Mandela Boulevard, north Tehran
- Bobby Sands Road, west side of the British Embassy
Car
According to the head of Tehran's Office of Environment and Sustainable Development, Tehran is designed to have a capacity of around 300,000 cars, but currently more than five million cars are on the road. Automation industry has recently developed, but international sanctions affect the production process on a regular basis.
According to local media, Tehran has more than 200,000 taxis passing through the street each day, with several taxis available in the city. The airport taxi has a cost per kilometer higher than the regular green and yellow taxis in town.
Train and subway
Tehran has a central railway station that connects the service all the time to various cities in the country, along with the Tehran-Europe train line also running.
The feasibility study and conceptual planning of the construction of the Tehran subway system began in the 1970s. The first two lines of the eight metro lines projected to open in 2001.
Airport
Tehran is served by Mehrabad and Khomeini international airports. Mehrabad Airport, an old airport in western Tehran that serves as a military base, is mainly used for domestic flights and charter. Khomeini Airport, located 50 kilometers (31 miles) south of the city, handles major international flights.
Parks and green spaces
There are over 2,100 parks in the metropolitan city of Tehran, with one of the oldest being Jamshidie Park, first established as a private park for Qajar Prince Jamshid Davallu, and then dedicated to the last Iranian emperor, Farah Pahlavi. The total green space within Tehran spans more than 12,600 hectares, covering more than 20 percent of the city's territory. The Parks and Green Spaces of the Organization of Tehran was founded in 1960, and is responsible for the protection of urban nature in the city.
Teheran Birds Garden is the largest bird park in Iran. There is also a zoo located on the Tehran-Karaj express line, which holds more than 290 species in an area of ​​about five hectares.
There are four parks in Tehran dedicated to women, with a total of about 80 hectares in the area, where mandatory dress code is not required.
Education
Tehran is the largest and most important center of education in Iran. There are a total of nearly 50 major colleges and universities in Tehran.
Since the formation of Dar ol Fonun by the command of Amir Kabir in the mid-19th century, Tehran has collected a large number of higher education institutions. Some of these institutions play an important role in the ongoing events of Iranian politics. Samuel M. Jordan, which Jordan Avenue in Teheran is named, was one of the founding fathers of Tehran High School, one of the first modern middle schools in the Middle East.
Among the main educational institutions located in Tehran, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran University, and Tehran University of Medical Sciences are the most prestigious. Other major universities located in Tehran include the University of Tehran, University of Allameh Tabatabaei, University of Technology Amirkabir (Polytechnic of Tehran), University of KN Toosi Technology, Shahid Beheshti University (Melli University), Kharazmi University, University of Science and Technology of Iran, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Azad Islamic University, International Seismological Institute of Earthquakes and Seismology, Iranian Institute of Polymers and Petrochemicals, Shahed University, and Tarbiat University of Modarres.
Tehran is also home to Iran's largest military academy, and several religious schools and seminaries.
Culture
Architecture
The oldest surviving architectural monument in Tehran dates back to the Qajar and Pahlavi era. Though, given the area of ​​Greater Tehran, the monuments dating from the Seljuk era remain as well; especially the Toqrol Tower in Ray. There are also remnants of Rashkan Castle, dating back to the ancient Parthian Empire, where several artifacts are kept in the National Museum; and the temple of Bahram fire, which is left since the Sassanian Empire.
Tehran only had a small population until the end of the 18th century, but began to take a greater role in Iranian society after being elected as the capital. Despite the earthquakes regularly during the Qajar period and thereafter, several historic buildings remained of that era.
Tehran is an Iranian primate city, and is considered to have the most modern infrastructure in the country. However, the gentrification of old environments and the demolition of buildings that have cultural significance have raised concerns.
Previously a low-rise city due to seismic activity in the region, modern high-rise in Tehran has been built in recent decades to serve population growth. There has been no major earthquake in Tehran since 1830.
Tehran International Tower is the highest residential building in Iran. It is a 54-storey building located in the northern district of Yusef Abad.
The Azadi Tower, a memorial built under the Pahlavi dynasty, has long been the most famous symbol of Tehran. Originally built to commemorate the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Empire State of Iran, it combines elements of Achaemenid and Sassanid era architecture with Iranian post-classical architecture. The Milad Tower, which is the sixth tallest tower and the tallest tower structure of the 24th in the world, is the city's famous landmark tower. Tabiat Bridge Leila Araghian, the largest pedestrian crossing bridge in Tehran, completed in 2014 and is also considered a landmark.
Theater
Under the rule of Qajars, Tehran is home to the Tekye Dowlat royal theater, located southeast of the Golestan Palace, where traditional and religious performances are observed. Finally destroyed and replaced by a bank building in 1947, following reforms under Reza Shah's government.
Prior to the 1979 Revolution, Iran's national stage has become the most famous stage for famous artists and international groups in the Middle East, with Roudaki Hall of Tehran being built to function as a national stage for opera and ballet. The hall was inaugurated in October 1967, named after the famous Persian poet Rudaki. It is home to the Teheran Symphony Orchestra, the Tehran Opera Orchestra, and the Iranian National Ballet Company.
The Teheran City Theater, one of Iran's largest theatrical compounds with several showrooms, opened in 1972. Built on the initiative and president of the empress Farah Pahlavi, and designed by architect Ali Sardar Afkhami, built within five years.
The annual events of the Fajr Theater Festival and the Tehran Wayang Theater Festival take place in Tehran.
Movies
Tehran's first cinema was founded by Mirza Ebrahim Khan in 1904. Until the early 1930s, there were 15 theaters in Teheran Province and 11 in other provinces.
In present-day Tehran, most of the cinemas are located in the city center. The Cinema Kourosh complex, Mellat Gallery and Cineplex, Azadi Cinema, and Cinema Farhang are among the most popular cinema complex in Tehran.
Some film festivals are held in Tehran, including the Fajr Film Festival, the Children's and Youth Film Festival, the House of Cinema Festival, the Mobile Movies and the Photo Festival, the Nahal Festival, the Roshd Film Festival, the Tehran Animation Festival, the Tehran Short Film Festival and the Urban Film Festival.
Sports
Football and volleyball are the city's most popular sports, while wrestling, basketball, and futsal are also a major part of the city's sports culture.
12 ski resorts operate in Iran, the most famous are Tochal, Dizin, and Shemshak, all within one to three hours of the city of Tehran.
Tochal Resort is the fifth highest ski resort in the world with an altitude of more than 3,730 meters (12,240 ft) above sea level at its highest point. It is also the closest ski resort in the world to the capital. The resort opened in 1976, shortly before the 1979 Revolution. Equipped with an 8 kilometer (long) gondola lift that covers a very large vertical distance. There are two parallel parachute ski lifts in Tochal that reach 3,900 meters (12,800 feet) near the Tochal peak (at 4,000m/13,000ft), up higher than the 7th gondola station, which is higher than any other European ski resort.. From the Tochal peak, there are views of the Alborz range, including 5,610 meters (18,406 feet) of Damavand Mountain, an inactive volcano.
Tehran is home to Azadi's national stadium, the largest stadium based on capacity in West Asia, where many of Iran's top league matches are being held. The stadium is part of the Azadi Sports Complex, which was originally built to host the 7th Asian Games in September 1974. This is the first Asian Games to be held in West Asia. Tehran hosted 3010 athletes from 25 countries/NOCs, at which time it was the highest number of participants since the start of the Olympics. After that it hosted the 6th AFC Asian Cup in June 1976, and then the first Asian Games in November 1997. The success of the games led to the creation of the West Asian GIMNAS Federation (WAGF), and the intention of hosting the games every two years. The city also hosts the AFC Asian Cup final of 1968. Several courses of FIVB Volleyball World League have also been held in Tehran.
Soccer club
Tehran's first soccer club, named the Iran Club, was founded in 1920 and dissolved within two years in 1923. Today, the oldest football club in Tehran is Rahman, founded in 1937. Persepolis and Esteghlal, which is the largest city club and the two biggest clubs in Asia, compete in the Tehran derby. Tehran is also home to the Ararat football club, a popular Armenian soccer team based at the Ararat Stadium.
The following table contains six major football clubs of Tehran.
The small clubs based in Tehran are listed below.
Food
There are many restaurants and cafes in Tehran, both modern and classical, serving Iranian and cosmopolitan cuisine. Pizzerias, sandwich bars, and kebab shops are the majority of the food shops in Tehran.
Graffiti
Many graffiti styles are seen in Tehran. Some of them are the political and revolutionary slogans painted by government organizations, and some artwork by ordinary citizens, representing their views on social and political issues. However, illegal street art is banned in Iran, and such works are usually short-lived.
During the 2009 presidential election protests of Iran, many graffiti works were created by people who support the Green Movement. They were removed from the wall by paramilitary Basij forces.
In recent years, the city of Tehran has been using graffiti to beautify the city. Several graffiti festivals have also taken place in Tehran, including those held by Tehran University of Art in October 2014.
Twin cities and partner cities
Tehran twins with:
Tehran has also signed Mutual Cooperation and Understanding with a number of cities, including Baghdad, Kabul, London, Milan, New York City, and Saint Petersburg.
Panoramic views
See also
- Iranian International Exhibition Company
- Tehran City Islamic Council
- Tehran City Council (1968-1979)
References
Bibliography
External links
- Google Map: Tehran
- Tehran City website
- Teheran Geographic Information Center
- Tehran Traffic Control Center
- Tehran Yellow Official Page (Ketabe Avval)
- Teheranimages. A photography project focused on a neglected piece of architecture in downtown Tehran, Iran.
- Videos
- Detailed development plan of Tehran PressTV (2012)
- Tehran today - Part I Part II Part III PressTV (2010)
- Iran's modernized Iranian architecture Press TV (2010)
- The dangerous air quality of PressTV in Iran (2010)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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