Throwing is the craft of building a roof with dry vegetation such as straw, reed water, sediments (Claris mariscus), rushing, heather, or palm leaves, layering vegetation so as to release water from the inner roof. Since most vegetation remains dry and dense - trapping air - the roof also serves as insulation. This is a very old roof method and has been used in both tropical and temperate climates. Thatch is still used by builders in developing countries, usually with low-cost local vegetation. In contrast, in some developed countries is the choice of some rich people who want a rustic look for their homes, want a more environmentally friendly roof, or who have bought a real straw dwelling.
Video Thatching
History
Rolling methods have traditionally been passed down from generation to generation, and many descriptions of materials and methods used in Europe over the last three centuries survive in early archives and publications.
In some equatorial states, weeds are the usual local material for the roof, and often the walls. There are a variety of building techniques from ancient Hawaiian hale shelters made from local ti lei ( Cordyline fruticosa ), lauhala ( Pandanus tectorius ) or pili grass ( Heteropogon contortus ).
Coconut leaves are also often used. For example, in Na Bure, Fiji, the magician blends the roof of the fan leaving the roof with a padded reed wall. Leaf lontar roof used in Dominica. Imperata (Imperata cylindrica) ) thatched roofs are used in Hawaii and Bali. In Southeast Asia, coconut leaves of mangrove nipa are used as roofing straw material known as attap residence. In Bali, Indonesia, the black fiber of Arenga pinnata called
Wild vegetation such as reed water ( Phragmites australis ), bulrush/cat tail ( Typha spp.), Sweep ( Cytisus scoparius ), heather (< i> Calluna vulgaris ), and rushing ( Juncus spp. and Schoenoplectus lacustris ) may be used to cover primitive shelter and residence in Europe at the end of the Palaeolithic period , but so far no direct archaeological evidence for this has been recovered. People may start using straw in the Neolithic period when they first plant cereal - but again, there is no direct archaeological evidence of straw for straw in Europe before the enduring period of medieval ages.
Many Native Americans, such as the previous Mayan civilizations, Mesoamerica, the Inca empire, and the Three Alliance (Aztec), lived in the thatched-roof buildings. It is common to find straw buildings in rural areas of the YucatÃÆ'¡n Peninsula as well as many settlements in other parts of Latin America, which are very similar to the construction methods of distant ancestors. After the collapse of American society that still exists due to the disease introduced by Europeans, wars, slavery, and genocide, the first Americans encountered by Europeans lived in a roof-mounted or leather-covered structure that could be added or removed for ventilation, heating , and cooling. Evidence from many complex buildings with fiber-based roofing was not recovered until the early 2000s. French and British settlers built temporary straw dwellings with local vegetation as soon as they arrived in New France and New England, but covered more permanent homes with shingles.
In most of Britain, weeds became the only roofing material available to most rural residents, in many towns and villages, until the late 1800s. Commercial production of Welsh slate began in 1820, and the mobility provided by the canal and then the rail made other materials available. However, the number of straw properties actually increased in the UK during the mid-1800s as agriculture expanded, but then declined again in the late 19th century due to agricultural recession and rural depopulation. Gradually, the weeds became a sign of poverty, and the number of straw properties declined gradually, as did the number of professional magicians. Thatch has become much more popular in the UK over the last 30 years, and is now a symbol of wealth rather than poverty. There are about 1,000 full-time broadcasters working in the UK, and straw became popular again due to renewed interest in preserving historic buildings and using more sustainable building materials.
Maps Thatching
Materials
Although it is popular in Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, parts of France, Sicily, Belgium and Ireland, there are more thatched roofs in England than in other European countries. Good quality straw straw can last for more than 50 years when applied by skilled junks. Traditionally, a new layer of straw has only been applied on a weathered surface, and this "sparning" tradition has created more than 7 '(2.1 m) thick straw accumulation in very old buildings. Straw bundled into "yelms" before being lifted onto the roof and then attached using staples, known as "spars", made of twisted hazel sticks. Over 250 rooftops in Southern England have a base coat of weeds applied over 500 years ago, providing direct evidence of the type of material used for straw in the medieval period. Almost all of these roofs are coated with wheat, rye, or a mixture of "maslin" of both. Medieval grain grows nearly 6 feet (1.8 m) on very poor soil and produces durable straw for roofs and grains to make bread.
Technological changes in the agricultural industry significantly affect the popularity of straw. Availability of good quality straw straw declined in the UK after the introduction of combined harvesters in the late 1930s and 1940s, and the release of short-stemmed varieties of wheat. The increased use of nitrogen fertilizer in the 1960s -70 also weakened the straw and reduced its longevity. Since the 1980s, however, there has been a substantial increase in the quality of straw when specialist farmers have returned to superior varieties, "inherited" varieties of wheat such as Squareheads Master (1880), N59 (1959), Rampton Rivet (1937), Victor (1910) and April Bearded (early 1800s)] in low input/organic conditions.
In the UK it is illegal under the Plant Variety and Seed Act 1964 (with many amendments) for individuals or organizations to give, trade or sell seeds of older wheat varieties (or other agricultural crops) to third parties for growing purposes, subject to fines which is significant. Because of this law, British craftsmen can no longer get high-quality straw straw grown from traditional high-stemmed wheat varieties.
All evidence suggests that rare water reeds are used to coat leaves outside East Anglia. Traditionally it has become a "one coat" material that is applied in a manner similar to how it is used in continental Europe. Rotten plumes are usually stripped and replaced with new layers. It takes 4-5 acres of well-managed reed beds to produce enough reeds for the average house, and large reed beds have been uncommon in most of the UK since the Anglo-Saxon period. More than 80% of the water used in the UK is now imported from Turkey, Eastern Europe, China and South Africa. Although reed water may last for 50 years or more on steep roofs in dry climates, modern imported aerial inflatable water in the UK does not last much longer than good quality wheat straw. The age of thatched roof also depends on the skill of the bird, but other factors should be considered - such as climate, material quality, and roofing.
In areas where palms are abundant, palm leaves are used for walls and roofs of sago palm. Many species of palm trees are called "palm trees", or have "weeds" as part of their common name. In the southeastern United States, indigenous houses and pioneers are often constructed from palm leaf palm leaves. Chickens from Seminole and Miccosukee still have palmetto leaves.
Photo essay featuring Nigerian men making palm kernels
Treatment in a temperate zone
Good grass does not require frequent maintenance. In the UK the ridge usually lasts 8-14 years, and re-ridging is needed several times during the life span of a weed. Experts no longer recommend closing straw with wire netting, as this slows down evaporation and reduces longevity. Moss can be a problem if very thick, but usually does not harm, and many species of moss are actually protective. The Thatcher's Craft, 1960 Ã, remains the most used reference book on the techniques used for straw. The thickness of the straw layer decreases with time when the surface becomes compost and is blown off the roof by wind and rain. Straw roofs generally need to be replaced when the wood is horizontal 'sway' and the 'spars' hair pin, also known as 'gads' (bent brown stelles) that fix every path becomes visible near the surface. This is not the total depth of the weeds in the new layer applied to the new roof that determines its longevity, but rather on how much weathering the roof that covers the compaction of each overlap. "The roof is as good as the correct number of clumps that cover the jewelry."
Flammability
Straw is not as flammable as many people believe. The burn was slow, "like a closed book," the travelers said. Most fires are linked to the use of wood burners and damaged chimneys with lanes that are degraded or poorly attached or properly maintained. Sparks from paper or burned waste can burn dry weeds on the surface around the chimney. Fires can also start when sparks or fire work through the degradable chimney and ignite the semi-scorched weeds around it. This can be avoided by ensuring that the chimney is in good condition, which may involve stripping the weeds immediately around the chimney to the full depth of the pile. This can be easily done without stripping the straw all over the roof. Insurance premiums in straw houses are higher than average in part because of the perception that the thatched roof is a fire hazard, but also because the fires of weeds can cause extensive smoke damage and thatched roofs are more expensive to replace than standard tile or slate roofs. Workers should not use open flames near the weeds, and there is nothing to burn that can fly the chimney and ignite the surface of the grass. Spark catchers usually cause more damage than good, because they are easily blocked and reduce airflow. All thatched roofs should have smoke detectors in the roof space. Spray-on fire retardant or pressure impregnated fire retardants can reduce the spread of fire and emit heat output.
In new buildings, a strong barrier of flame barrier on a rafter can make a victim of rumbia in case of a fire. If a firing board is used, they need a ventilation between the rising and the hay so that the roof can breathe, because condensation can be a significant problem in a thin layer, one layer. Condensation is much less a problem on thick thatched roofs, which also provide much better insulation because they do not need to be ventilated.
Performance
The performance of straw depends on the shape and design of the roof, roof shape, position - geography and topography - material quality and expertise of the bird.
Straw has some natural properties that are beneficial to its performance. It is naturally weatherproof, and when properly treated it does not absorb much water. There should be no significant increase in roof weight due to water retention. The roof of at least 50 degrees allows the deposition to move quickly down the slope so that it flows from the roof before it can penetrate the structure.
Straw is also a natural insulator, and air bags inside straw straw protect buildings in warm and cold weather. The thatched roof ensures that the building is cool in summer and warm in winter.
Straw also has excellent resistance to wind damage when applied properly.
Benefits
Trowing material ranges from grassland to waterproof leaves found in the equator. This is the most common roofing material in the world, because the material is readily available.
Because the weeds are lighter, less wood is needed on the roof that supports it.
Straw is a versatile material when it comes to covering irregular roof structures. This fact is suitable for the use of used, recycled and natural materials that are not only more sustainable, but not necessarily in accordance with the standard dimensions appropriate to perform well.
Losses
The weed houses are harder to insure because of the risk of perceived fires, and because straw is a labor-intensive job, it is much more expensive to coat the roof than to cover it with slate or tile. Birds can damage the roof as they feed for maggots, and rodents are attracted to the remaining grains in the straw.
Straw is no longer favored in most industrialized countries not by fire, but because straw has become very expensive and alternative hard materials are cheaper - but the situation is slowly changing. There are about 60,000 thatched roofs in England and many more are built every year.
The new straw roof was banned in London in 1212 after a major fire, and the existing roof must have a plastered surface to reduce the risk of fire. The modern Globe Theater is one of the few straw buildings in London (the others can be found on the outskirts of Kingsbury), but the modern grass Globe, purified reed water for decorative purposes and actually lies on a fully waterproof roof built with materials - modern materials. The Globe Theater, opened in 1997, was modeled on Rose, which was destroyed by fire on a dry night in June of 1613 when a lump of burned cloth was removed from a special effects cannon during a light show to the surface of the weeds. The original Rose Theater is actually coated with cereal straw, an example discovered by London Museum archaeologists during the excavation site in the 1980s.
Some claim that straw can not cope with normal snowfall, but, as with all roofing materials, it depends on the underlying roof structure strength and surface height. A law passed in 1640 in Massachusetts prohibits the use of thatched roofs in the colony for this reason. Straw is lighter than most other roofing materials, usually around 7 pounds per square foot, so the roof that supports it need not be so heavily built, but if the snow builds up on the lightly built thatched roof, it can collapse. The roof of straw is usually raised between 45-55 degrees and in normal circumstances is enough to spill snow and water. In areas with extreme snow, like parts of Japan, the pitch has increased further.
Archeology
Some of the thatched roofs in England are very old and preserve the evidence of traditional materials and methods that have long since disappeared. In northern England, this evidence is often preserved under corrugated sheet material and is often revealed during the development of smaller rural properties. Historic Scotland has funded several research projects into the lobbying techniques and this has revealed a range of materials including brooms, heather, rush, cereal, brackish, grass and clay and highlights significant regional variations.
Recent examples include Moirlanich Longhouse, Killin is owned by the National Trust for Scotland (rye, bracken & grass) and Sunnybrae Cottage, Pitlochry owned by Historic Scotland (rye, broom & grass)
Example
- Lives in Attap, Southeast Asia
- Blackhouse, Scotland, Ireland
- Chickee, Seminole
- Palapa, Mexico
- Round house (residence), European Iron Age
- Teitos e pallozas, Asturias, and Galicia, Spain
- Shirakawa-g's Historic Village? and Gokayama
See also
- Dethatcher, for the lawn page
- House in Auvers, depiction in art
- Swiss Cottage, Pondok Cahir Thatched ornÃÆ' Â © in Cahir, Ireland.
- Woodway House Cottage of straw cottages in Devon, England.
- Withy A straw material from willow
References
Bibliography
- Letts, John (2000) [1999], Smoke Blackened Thatch: unique source of end-of-the-century medieval plants from Southern England >, Read & amp; London: University of Reading and English Heritage .
Further reading
- Cox, Jo and Thorp, John R. L. (2001). Devon Thatch: Inspired History from Thatching and Thatched House in Devon . Tiverton: Devon Books. ISBN: 9781855227972
External links
- The Thatcher's Craft , UK: Battley Brothers Limited, archived from the original in 2015-05-01 .
- "Throwing in Western Europe, from Asturias to Iceland", Research Award , Europa nostra, 2011, archived from the original on 2011-08-15 .
- Throwing with the Green Broom in Spain , Thatch .
- Devon County Council (2003). Throw in Devon
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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