Arthritis is a term often used to mean interference that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of affected joint motion. In some species, other organs are also affected. Onset may be gradual or sudden.
There are more than 100 types of arthritis. The most common forms are osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis usually occurs with age and affects the fingers, knees, and hips. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that often affects the hands and feet. Other types include uric acid, lupus, fibromyalgia, and septic arthritis. They are all kinds of rheumatic diseases.
Treatment may include resting together and alternating between applying ice and heat. Weight loss and exercise can also be beneficial. Pain medications such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) may be used. In some joint replacements may be useful.
Osteoarthritis affects more than 3.8% of people while rheumatoid arthritis affects about 0.24% of people. Gout affects about 1-2% of the Western population at some point in their lives. In Australia about 15% of people are affected, while in the United States more than 20% have a type of arthritis. Overall the disease becomes more common with age. Arthritis is a common reason that people lose their jobs and can lead to a decrease in the quality of life. The term is derived from arthr - (meaning joints) and -itis (meaning inflammation).
Video Arthritis
Classification
There are several diseases in which joint pain is the main one, and is considered a central feature. Generally when a person has "arthritis" it means that they have one of these diseases, which include:
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Gout and pseudo-gout
- Septic arthritis
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Adolescent idiopathic arthritis
- Still Disease
Joint pain can also be a symptom of another illness. In this case, arthritis is considered secondary to major disease; these include:
- Psoriasis (Psoriatic arthritis)
- Reactive arthritis
- Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
- Haemochromatosis
- Hepatitis
- Lyme disease
- Sjogren's disease
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- celiac disease
- Non-sheath gluten sensitivity
- Inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis)
- Henoch-SchÃÆ'¶nlein purpura
- Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever
- Sarcoidosis
- Whipple's Disease
- TNF receptor associated with periodic syndrome
- Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (and many other vasculitis syndromes)
- Familial Mediterranean Fever
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
An unifferentiated arthritis is a rheumatoid arthritis that does not fit into a well-known category of clinical disease, may be an early stage of a definite rheumatic disease.
Maps Arthritis
Signs and symptoms
Pain, which can vary in severity, is a common symptom in almost all types of arthritis. Other symptoms include swelling, joint stiffness, and pain around the joint (s). Arthritis disorders such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis can affect other organs in the body, causing various symptoms. Symptoms may include:
- Inability to use hands or walk
- Stiffness, which may be worse in the morning, or after use
- Malaise and fatigue
- Weight
- Poor sleep
- Muscle aches and pains
- Softness
- Difficulty removing joints
It is common in advanced arthritis for significant secondary changes to occur. For example, arthritis symptoms may make it difficult for a person to move and/or exercise, which can cause secondary effects, such as:
- Muscle weakness
- Loss of flexibility
- Reduced aerobic fitness
These changes, in addition to the main symptoms, can have a major impact on quality of life.
Disabled
Arthritis is the most common cause of disability in the United States. More than 20 million people with arthritis have severe functional limitations every day. Absenteeism and frequent visits to GPs occur in individuals suffering from arthritis. Arthritis can make it very difficult for individuals to be physically active and some become attached at home.
It is estimated that the total cost of arthritis cases is close to $ 100 billion which is almost 50% of the income lost. Each year, arthritis produces nearly 1 million inpatients and nearly 45 million outpatient visits to health care centers.
Decreased mobility, in combination with the above symptoms, can make it difficult for a person to remain physically active, contributing to an increased risk of obesity, high cholesterol or susceptibility to heart disease. People with arthritis are also at high risk for depression, which may be a response to a variety of factors, including fears of worsening symptoms.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made by clinical examination of appropriate health professionals, and may be supported by other tests such as radiology and blood tests, depending on the type of suspected arthritis. All arthritis is potentially painful. The pattern of pain may differ depending on the arthritides and its location. Rheumatoid arthritis is generally worse in the morning and is associated with stiffness; In the early stages, patients often have no symptoms after a morning shower. Osteoarthritis, on the other hand, tends to get worse after exercise. In elderly and children, the pain may not be the main feature; elderly patients only move less, infantile patients refuse to use affected limbs.
The historical elements of disorder diagnosis guide. Important features are speed and timing of onset, pattern of joint involvement, symptom of symptoms, morning stiffness, tenderness, swelling or locking with inactivity, burdensome and eliminating factors, and other systemic symptoms. Physical examination may confirm the diagnosis, or may indicate systemic disease. Radiography is often used to follow developments or to help assess severity.
Blood and X-ray tests of affected joints are often performed to make the diagnosis. Screen blood tests are indicated if some arthritis is suspicious. These may include: rheumatoid factor, antinuclear factor (ANF), nuclear extraction antigen, and specific antibodies.
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. It can affect larger and smaller joints of the body, including the hands, wrists, legs, back, hips, and knees. The disease is basically derived from everyday wear and tearing of joints; However, osteoarthritis can also occur as a result of injury. In recent years, some joint or limb deformities, such as knock-knee or acetabular overcoverage or dysplasia, have also been considered predisposing factors for knee or hip osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis begins in the cartilage and eventually causes two opposing bones to erode each other. This condition begins with mild pain during physical activity, but soon the pain can be continuous and even occur while in a state of rest. Pain can weaken and prevent a person from doing some activities. Osteoarthritis usually affects the weight-bearing joints, such as the back, knees and hips. Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, most common osteoarthritis is a disease in the elderly. More than 30 percent of women have osteoarthritis levels at age 65. Risk factors for osteoarthritis include previous joint trauma, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disorder in which the body's own immune system starts to invade the body's tissues. The attack is not only directed at the joint but to many other parts of the body. In rheumatoid arthritis, most damage occurs in the lining of the joints and cartilage which eventually causes erosion on two opposite bones. RA often affects the joints in the fingers, wrists, knees and elbows, symmetrical (appearing on both sides of the body), and can cause severe deformity within a few years if untreated. RA occurs mainly in people aged 20 and over. In children, disorders can occur with skin rashes, fever, pain, disability, and limitations in daily activities. With early diagnosis and aggressive treatment, many individuals can live a better quality of life than if not diagnosed long after the onset of RA. Drugs for treating RA range from corticosteroids to intravenously administered monoclonal antibodies. Treatment also includes analgesics such as NSAIDs and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), while in rare cases, surgery may be necessary to replace joints, but there is no cure for the disease.
Treatment with DMARDs is designed to initiate an adaptive immune response, in part by CD4 T cells (Th), especially Th17 cells. Th17 cells present in higher numbers at the site of bone destruction in the joints and produce inflammatory cytokines associated with inflammation, such as interleukin-17 (IL-17).
Bone erosion is a major feature of rheumatoid arthritis. Continuous bone is remodeling by the action of osteoclast absorbing bone and bone-forming osteoblasts. One of the major triggers of bone erosion in the joints in rheumatoid arthritis is inflammation of the synovium, which is partly caused by the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the activator of the kappa B ligand nuclear factor receptor (RANKL), cell surface proteins present in Th17 cells and osteoblasts. Osteoclast activity can be directly induced by osteoblasts through RANK/RANKL mechanism.
Lupus
Lupus is a common collagen vascular disorder that can present with severe arthritis. Other features of lupus include skin rashes, extreme photosensitivity, hair loss, kidney problems, pulmonary fibrosis and constant joint pain.
Gout
Gout is caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joint, causing inflammation. There is also a rare form of gout arthritis caused by the formation of rhomboid crystals of calcium pyrophosphate known as pseudogout. In the early stages, gout arthritis usually occurs in one joint, but over time, it can occur in many joints and is quite disabling. The joints in gout often become swollen and lose their function. Gouty arthritis can be very painful and potentially debilitating when gout is not successfully treated. When uric acid levels and gout symptoms can not be controlled with standard uric acid drugs that decrease the production of uric acid (eg, allopurinol, febuxostat) or increase the elimination of uric acid from the body through the kidneys (eg, probenecid), this may be referred to as chronic gout refractory or RCG.
Comparison type
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Infectious arthritis is another form of arthritis. It comes with a sudden sudden onset, fever and joint pain. This condition is caused by bacteria elsewhere in the body. Infectious arthritis should be rapidly diagnosed and treated promptly to prevent irreversible joint damage.
Psoriasis can develop into psoriatic arthritis. With psoriatic arthritis, most individuals develop skin problems first and then arthritis. His trademark is joint pain constant, stiffness and swelling. The disease recurs with remission period but there is no cure for the disorder. A small part develops a very painful and destructive form of arthritis that destroys small joints in the hand and can cause permanent disfigurement and loss of hand function.
Treatment
There is no known cure for either rheumatoid or osteoarthritis. Treatment options vary depending on the type of arthritis and include physical therapy, lifestyle changes (including exercise and weight control), orthopedic support, and medication. Joint replacement surgery may be needed to erase the form of arthritis. Drugs can help reduce inflammation in joints that reduce pain. In addition, by reducing inflammation, joint damage may be slowed.
Physical therapy
In general, studies have shown that physical exercise of affected joints can significantly increase long-term pain relief. Furthermore, arthritic joint exercises are recommended to maintain the health of certain joints and the overall body of the person.
Individuals with arthritis can benefit from physical and occupational therapy. In arthritis, the joints become stiff and the range of movement may be limited. Physical therapy has been shown to significantly improve function, reduce pain, and delay the need for surgical intervention in advanced cases. Exercises prescribed by physical therapists have proven to be more effective than drugs in treating knee osteoarthritis. Exercise often focuses on improving muscle strength, endurance and flexibility. In some cases, exercises may be designed to exercise balance. Occupational therapy can provide assistance with activities. Assistive technology is a tool used to help a person's disability by reducing their physical barriers by increasing the use of damaged body parts, usually after amputation. Assistive technology devices can be customized for patients or purchased commercially..
Drugs
There are several types of drugs used for the treatment of arthritis. Treatment usually begins with medications that have the least side effects with further treatment added if not quite effective.
Depending on the type of arthritis, medications may vary. For example, first-line treatment for osteoarthritis is acetaminophen (paracetamol) whereas for arthritis involving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen. Opioids and NSAIDs are poorly tolerated.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune so, in addition to pain medications and anti-inflammatory drugs, is treated with another category of drug called disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), which act on the immune system to slow the development of RA. An example of this type of drug is methotrexate.
Surgery
A number of rheumasurgical interventions have been included in the treatment of arthritis since the 1950s. Arthroscopic surgery for knee osteoarthritis provides no additional benefit for optimal physical and medical therapy.
Alternative medicine
Further research is needed to determine whether transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for knee osteoarthritis is effective for controlling pain.
Low-level laser therapy may be considered for relief of pain and stiffness associated with arthritis. Proof of benefit is tentative.
Therapeutic electromagnetic field therapy has temporary evidence that supports improved function but there is no evidence of increased pain in osteoarthritis. FDA has not approved PEMF for the treatment of arthritis. In Canada, PEMF devices are legally licensed by Health Canada for the treatment of pain associated with arthritic conditions.
Epidemiology
Arthritis is primarily a disease in the elderly, but children can also be affected by the disease. More than 70% of people in North America who are exposed to arthritis are over 65 years of age. Arthritis is more common in women than in men of all ages and affects all races, ethnic groups and cultures. In the United States a CDC survey based on data from 2007-2009 showed 22.2% (49.9 million) adults aged> = 18 years had self-reported inflammatory arthritis diagnoses by doctors, and 9.4% (21.1 million or 42.4% of those with arthritis). ) has limited arthritis activity (AAAL). With an aging population, this number is expected to increase.
Defects due to musculoskeletal disorders increased by 45% from 1990 to 2010. Of these, osteoarthritis is the most rapidly increasing primary health condition. Among the many reports on the increasing prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions, data from Africa are lacking and underestimated. The systematic review assessed the prevalence of arthritis in Africa and included twenty population-based and seven hospital-based studies. The majority of studies, twelve, are from South Africa. Nine well-done studies, eleven studies of moderate quality, and seven studies performed poorly. The results of systematic review are as follows:
- Rheumatoid arthritis: 0.1% in Algeria (urban settings); 0.6% in the Democratic Republic of Congo (city setting); 2.5% and 0.07% in rural and urban settings in South Africa respectively; 0.3% in Egypt (rural setting), 0.4% in Lesotho (rural setting)
- Osteoarthritis: 55.1% in South Africa (urban settings); ranging from 29.5 to 82.7% in South Africa aged 65 years and older
- Knee osteoarthritis has the highest prevalence of all types of osteoarthritis, with 33.1% in rural South Africa
- Ankylosing spondylitis: 0.1% in South Africa (rural setting)
- Psoriatic arthritis: 4.4% in South Africa (urban settings)
- Gout: 0.7% in South Africa (urban settings)
- Adolescent idiopathic arthritis: 0.3% in Egypt (urban settings)
History
Evidence of osteoarthritis and potent arthritis has been found in dinosaurs. The first traces of human arthritis are known to date from 4500 BC. In the initial report, arthritis is often referred to as the most common disease of prehistoric people. It was recorded in the remains of a skeleton of Native Americans found in Tennessee and part of what is now Olathe, Kansas. Evidence of arthritis has been found throughout history, from ÃÆ'â € "tzi, a mummy (about 3000 BC) found along the borders of modern Italy and Austria, to Egyptian mummies around 2590 BC.
In 1715, William Musgrave published the second edition of his most important medical work, De arthritide symptomatica, relating to arthritis and its effects.
Terminology
This term is derived from arthr - (from Ancient Greece: ?????? , translit.Ã, ÃÆ'¡rthron , lit.Ã, 'joint, limb') and -itis (from - ???? , - ÃÆ' Â ®tis , lit. 'relates to' ), the last ending associated with inflammation.
The word 'arthritides' denotes a collective group of conditions similar to arthritis.
See also
- Arthritis Treatment (charity in the UK)
- Arthritis Foundation (US not-for-profit)
- Knee arthritis
- Osteoimmunology
- Weather pain
References
External links
- Arthritis in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- American College of Rheumatology - US professional society of rheumatologists
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases - US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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