Functional shoes-fitting , also sold under the name X-ray Shoe Fitter , Theaters and Foot-o-scope , is an X-ray fluoroscope machine installed in a shoe store from the 1920s until about 1970s in the United States, Canada, England, South Africa, Germany and Switzerland. In the UK, they are known as the Movie Theater, after the St. Albans who produce them. In the early 1930s, Bally was the first company to import theaters to Switzerland from the UK. In the second half of the 20th century, increased awareness of radiation hazards and increasingly stringent regulations forced them to gradually stop.
A shoe-fitting fluoroscope is a metal construction covered in wood finish, about 4 feet (1.2 m) tall in the form of a short column, with a ledge with an opening where the child (or adult customer) will then place his or her feet in the opening provided and while fixed in a standing position, looking through the peephole looking at the top of the fluoroscope down on the x-ray display of the feet and shoes. Two other reading holes on both sides allow parents and sales assistants to observe the toes of a shaken child to show how much space there is for toes in the shoe. The leg bones are visible, like the shoe line, including the stitches around the edges.
Video Shoe-fitting fluoroscope
Discovery
There are several claims for the discovery of a shoe-fitting fluoroscope. The most likely is Dr. Jacob Lowe who demonstrated a modified medical device at a shoe retailer convention in 1920 in Boston and in 1921 in Milwaukee. Lowe filed a US patent application in 1919, awarded in 1927, and handed it to Adrian Milwaukee for $ 15,000. Syl Adrian claims his brother, Matthew Adrian, invented and built the first engine in Milwaukee; His name is shown in a 1922 ad for an X-ray shoe seller. Then there was Clarence Karrer, son of an X-ray equipment distributor claiming to have built the first unit in 1924 in Milwaukee, but his idea was stolen and patented by one of his father's employees. Meanwhile, the British company Pedoscope applied for a British patent in 1924, awarded in 1926, and claimed to have built these machines since 1920.
The X-ray Shoe Fitter Corporation of Milwaukee and Pedoscope Company became the world's largest manufacturer of shoe-fitting fluoroscopy.
Maps Shoe-fitting fluoroscope
Health issues
The risk of radiation burning to the extremities is known since Wilhelm Röntgen's 1895 experiment, but this is a short-term effect with early warning of erythema. The long-term risks of chronic exposure to radiation begin to emerge with the 1927 Hermann Joseph Muller writing that demonstrates the genetic effect, and the incidence of bone cancer in the dial radium painter over the same time period. However, there was not enough data to measure the degree of risk until the atomic bomb survivors began to experience long-term effects of radiation in the late 1940s. The first scientific evaluation of these machines in 1948 soon sparked concerns about radiation protection and electrical security reasons, and found them ineffective in shoe-mounting.
Large dose variations are possible depending on machine design, protective material displacement, and time and frequency of use. The radiation survey showed that the average American machines sent 13 rays (r) (roughly 0.13 sievert (Sv) equivalent dose in modern units) to the customer's foot for 20 seconds, with one capable of delivering 116 r (~ 1 Sv) in 20 seconds. British pedoscopy is about ten times stronger. A customer may try several shoes a day, or return several times a year, and the effects of radiation doses may be cumulative. 300 r doses can cause growth disorders in children, and 600 r may cause erythema in adults. The hands and feet are relatively resistant to other forms of radiation damage, such as carcinogenesis.
Although most doses are directed at the foot, large numbers will spread or leak in all directions. Protective material is sometimes replaced to improve image quality, to make the engine lighter, or out of carelessness, and this worsens leakage. The entire body dose produced may be harmful to salesmen, who are chronically exposed, and in children, who are about twice as sensitive to radiation as adults. Monitoring of American sellers found dose rates at the pelvic height of up to 95 mr/week, with an average of 7.1 mr/week (up to ~ 50 mSv/a, avg ~ 3.7 mSv/effective dose). A 2007 paper suggested that a higher dose of 0.5 Sv/a is reasonable. The most widely accepted radiation-induced cancer model holds that the incidence of cancer from ionizing radiation increases linearly with the effective dose (ie the entire body) at the 5.5% level per Sv.
Years or decades may pass between radiation exposure and cancer-related events, and no customer follow-up studies can be done due to a lack of records. A 1950 medical article on the machine showed though: "The evidence of attendance shows that at least some of the radiation injuries are statistical processes that have no thresholds.If the evidence is valid, no exposure is completely safe and that does not produce any effect." Three shoe sellers have been identified with rare conditions that may be associated with exposure to their chronic work: severe burning of radiation requiring amputation in 1950, cases of dermatitis with ulceration in 1957, and cases of basal cell carcinoma from the soles of the feet in 2004.
Rule
There are no regulations that apply when fluoroskopi mounted on the shoe was first discovered. An estimated 10,000 machines were sold in the US, 3,000 in the UK, 1,500 in Switzerland, and 1,000 in Canada before authorities began to shrink their use. As understanding grows from the effects of long-term health radiation, various bodies start talking and organizing machines.
References
External links
- Guidelines for Industrial Uniform Or Ordinance Code For The Use Of Fluoroscopic Shoe Fitting Equipment. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Patent
- US Patent D149088, Jean Otis Reineeke, "Design for x-ray shoe cabinet installation", published 1948-03-23 ​​â € <â € < < span title = "ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & amp; rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Arent & amp; rft.number = D149088 & amp; rft.cc = US & amp; rft.title = Design for x-ray shoe cabinet fittings & amp; rft.inventor = Jean Otis Reineeke & amp; rft.date = 1948-03-23 ​​â € <â € <"> US Patents 1614988, Lowe, JJ, "Methods and Measures for Determining the Depth of Footwear Visually.", published 1927-10-05
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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