Woodturning is a handicraft using wooden lathes with hand tools to cut a symmetrical shape around the rotation axis. Like a pottery wheel, wood lathes are simple mechanisms that can produce different shapes. The operator is known as a turner, and the skills required to use the tool are traditionally known as turnery. In pre-industrial England, this skill is quite difficult to be known as the 'misterie' of the guild turners. Skills for hand-held equipment, no fixed point of contact with wood, distinguish woodturning and wood lathe from machine lathe, or metal-working lathe.
Goods made in lathe include tool handles, candlesticks, egg cups, knobs, lamps, rolled pins, cylinder boxes, Christmas ornaments, bodkins, knitting needles, needle boxes, thimbles, pens, chess balls, spinning buds; feet, spindles and pegs for furniture; ledge and newel writing for architecture; baseball bats, hollow shapes such as woodwind instruments, jars, statues; bowls, plates, and chairs. Industrial production has replaced many of these products from traditional backpackers. However, wood lathe is still used for the decentralized production of unlimited rolls or habits. A skilled machine can produce a variety of objects with five or six simple tools. Tools can be easily reshaped for the task at hand.
In many parts of the world, lathe has become a portable tool that goes to timber sources, or adapts to temporary workspaces. Turner of the 21st century restored the furnishings, continued the art-folk tradition, produced special architectural masterpieces, and created fine crafts for the galleries. Woodturning appeals to people who love to work with their hands, find pleasure in problem solving, or enjoy the touch and visual quality of wood.
Video Woodturning
Overview
Wood lathe works with reciprocal or ongoing revolution. Reciprocating lathe is powered by a bow or spring, rotating the first wood in one direction, and then in the other. Turner cuts only on one side of the rotation, as in the polar lathe. Reciprocating lathe may be human-powered with a bow, as well as with a spring mechanism. Reciprocating lathe, while primitive technology that requires considerable dexterity to operate, is able to deliver excellent results in skilled hands. For example, reciprocating arc lathes are still used to convert beads to Arabian grid windows called Meshrebeeyeh that dazzled Holtzapffel in the 1880s.
The continuous revolution of the workpiece can be human-powered with pedal wheels, or achieved by water, steam, or electric power. The cutting force does not have the pause needed by the rotation of the twist. Even with the continuous revolution, however, the turner controls the appliance and wood contacts completely by hand. The cutter is not fixed, nor does it progress automatically, as with the working metal lathe.
The nature of the wood defines the woodturning technique. The orientation of the wood grain, relative to the axis of the lathe, influences the tools and techniques used by the woodturner. At spindle rotation, the grain runs along the length of the lathe bed, as if the logs are mounted on the lathe. Grain is thus always perpendicular to the direction of rotation under the tool. In flipping the bowl, the grain runs at right angles to the axis, as if the board were installed in the chuck. When an empty bowl is rotating, the angle made by the grain with the cutting tool keeps changing between easy cuts to two places per rotation where the tool cuts the grain and even upwards across it. These varied grain angles limit some of the tools that can be used and require additional skills from the turner.
Water content affects both the ease of cutting wood and the final form of the job when dry. Wetter wood is easy to cut with continuous dust-free bands. However, wet wood moves when it dries. shrinks less along the grain. These variable changes may add the illusion of the oval bowl, or draw attention to the wood features. Dry wood is required for turns that require precision, such as on a box lid, or in a shape in which pieces are glued together.
The wooden character creates another challenge for the woodturner. Turners of hardwood and ivory choose different tools than those used to cut softwood. Voids in wood require higher lathe speed, filler, or extra security precautions. Although other woodworking artisans highly appreciate, straight grains, woodturners often look for unusual wood from roots, defects, or parts of a sick tree.
The woodturning craft is preserved and promoted by the practitioner community. Until the 1970s, the apprenticeship system in the UK, and the education of Industrial Art in the US, preserved many of the traditional craft skills. Between 1975 and 1985, art industry teachers, fans, artists, collectors, and tool suppliers developed a symposium format to exchange information about crafts. This community is a kind of prototype for an artisan-making culture active in the 21st century. The community hosts regional, national, and international symposia, publishes journals, and hosts travel experts at club events. Most publications and DVDs are DIY, including a number of YouTube videos.
Maps Woodturning
History
The archaeological record of logging is limited to illustrations because wood is a fiber that tends to decay. Egyptian monuments illustrate the ropes used by helper to turn the lathe while other workers cut wood. Early arc lathe and lathes rope were developed and used in Egypt and Rome. The Chinese, Persians, and Arabs have their own variations of arcs. Early lathes workers will sometimes use their bare feet to hold cutlery in place when using their hands to turn on the lathe. Bow lathes continue to be used to this day, and much of our information about them comes from watching turners using them. Between 500 and 1500 A.D., wooden ships changed to serve as bowls and cups daily most of Europe's population. Our knowledge of these simple ships comes from bowls dug from shipwrecks, such as Mary Rose and Oseberg burial ships, or digging deep wells, where they are preserved in an environmentally unfriendly environment. Most of these devices are converted from green wood on a spring lathe. Well-made beverage bowls, known as mazers, are produced in very limited quantities of dry wood, then decorated with silver-gold bosses and silver centers.
In early 1568, a separate flying wheel used a lathe through a belt. A teacher will cut wood when an apprentice turns a crank on large wheels, often several meters in diameter. It is a continuous revolutionary lathe, which leads to adaptation to external power sources such as water, steam, and electricity. This lathe evolved into a 'queen of machine tools' which made it possible to change the parts of other machines. Holtzapffels developed ornamental spinning lathes from continuous revolutionary lathes combined with metal work innovations such as automatic sliding breaks. This lathe works from patterns that are driven to cut designs in hardwoods like ebony. They were favored as a hobby by European princes, worthy of mention by Tolstoy in War and Peace (1869).
Woodturners in London is set to become a union as early as 1310 on Wood Street. In 1347, the Turner Company assigned responsibility for organizing weights and measures by the Mayor. In 1591, they built their own Hall. The company regulates the apprenticeship system, and charges the prices for the goods. In 1604, they were incorporated as the Turner Company of London Worshipers. Outside London, the plane was decentralized and unregulated. Turner roving is known as Bodgers set up a pole lathe while near a wood source to change the piece of furniture.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, woodturners in England worked in Turning Shops, usually in a master-apprentice system. In Germany and Russia, woodturning is concentrated in specialist villages, such as turning toys. The lathe and lathe arc continue to be used for the production of decentralized architectural and bowl elements in different parts of the world. In the US, woodturning is part of the art industry curriculum taught in public schools - often a prerequisite for classes in building furniture. The 'problems' of textbooks include tool management skills, and the task of transforming objects such as hammers, eggs, boxes, trays, candles, lamps, and legs for furniture.
Woodturning skills are used by pattern makers in the manufacture of prototypes and shapes for casting molds used in casting during the 19th and 20th centuries. They work very slowly to achieve precision, using a large patternmaker lathe and a slow cutting tool.
Woodturning always has a strong fan presence. In the 1970s, an explosion of interest in wooden life hobbies in the English-speaking world sparked a revival in the craft. Dale Nish went to England to recruit teachers, equipment, and techniques from trained loggers. A few years later, Stephen Hogbin of Canada spent a year in Australia, pushing the boundaries of the aircraft through changes in scale and design. Industrial art teachers use their institutional affiliations to create seminars, publish books, and foster research. The tool industry identifies new markets for lathes and turning equipment. A small group of serious collectors are investing in the exploration of an ever increasing woodturner sculpture. It is not unusual that woodturning has never built a strong foothold in the art department and university design. In contrast, craft practitioners have become adept at learning from demonstrations, private classes, regional meetings, self-published journals, and internet technologies. Some artists started as woodturners, and moved on to more sculptural works, experimenting with super object shapes and other delicate craft concepts. The Center for Art in Wood, founded in 1986 as The Wood Turning Center, has collections in Philadelphia with over 1,000 objects from international artists as well as research libraries and galleries. Other turners have chosen artisan-based focus on traditional work, custom work, and pleasure studio practice.
Technique
The complex forms made on wooden lathes evolved from some surprising types of pieces: separation, planning, beads, bays, and indentations. Separation separates the wood from the parent device, or sets the cutting depth. Planning is done with a tool in which the bevel beneath the cutting edge supports wood fiber, as in plain timber planers. The beads are convex shape relative to the cylinder, and the bay is a concave shape. Hollowing technique is a combination of drilling and scooping material. Woodturner is free to choose from a variety of tools for all of these techniques, and the quality of the cuts improves by practicing holding the chosen instrument. Turner relies on three point-of-contacts that make all sorts of pieces: a tool for pressing a rest device, and against a woodturner body before touching a wooden surface, most often with a bevel edge riding a wooden surface. The goal is to position the tool properly so that the wood comes to the cutting edge, resulting in a thin shear without cutting or tearing wooden parts. Woodturners prefer to use very clean cuts to minimize time spent with abrasives. When needed to cut the pieces, they do it in a lathe, using hand-held abrasives, in a rotating inertia sander with a rotation of the wood itself, or with electric tools - a right-hand exercise or exercise. Lathe is also a useful retaining device for carving, burning, texture, coloring, and finishing.
Hold the device
The wood rotates between the headstock of the lathe which includes the propulsion mechanism and the support of the tailstock, which only rotates if the center is 'on' or supported by a rotating holding device. The end of the headgear can use dots or spurs that are pushed into the wood. This type of reversal is described as 'between centers.' The headstock spindle can also use a cup, collet, or scroll chuck to hold the tenon on the workpiece to be removed in the finished product. The wood can also be screwed or taped onto a face plate - a solid dish connected to be mounted on the headstock shaft. The use of chuck or faceplate allows woodturner to release tailstock support for rotating wood. This type of secure retaining system is essential for piercing bowls or hollow shapes.
Tools
Turning equipment is generally made of three different types of steel; carbon steel, high speed steel (HSS), and newer powdered metals. Comparing the three types, high speed steel tools retain longer edges, requiring less sharpening than carbon steel, but not as long as powdered metal tools. The harder the type of high speed steel is used, the longer the edges will retain sharpness. Powdered steel is even harder than HSS, but it takes more effort to get the edge as sharp as HSS, just as HSS is harder to get as sharp as carbon steel.
When woodturning, it is important to wear certain protective equipment (APD). Loose clothing should not be worn, all jewelry should be removed, and long hair should be tied back. The wood shavings produced during playback should also be disposed of periodically.
- The eye protection is a must when doing woodturning. There are several APDs available for eye protection such as protective goggles, goggles and light barriers, some of which have a built-in respirator. Although all this is adequate, for the highest level of protection, a shield that protects the entire head from dust and debris should be worn.
- Respiratory equipment and dust collection systems are also important when cutting down wood or doing any type of woodworking that creates dust. These can range from simple disposable dust masks, to full face helmets with installed respirators. Most self-contained breathing apparatus will disrupt the dust and visor shields, so devices that combine both are available. A lot of wood creates dust that is actually harmful to health. For example, cocobolo dust (granadillo) is known as poison (toxic shock). Many people are sensitive to the oil carried in walnuts, grasshoppers, and oak sawdust. Long-term exposure to fine wood dust is also associated with an increased risk of cancer.
- Ear shield - Compared to other power tools, the lathe is a quiet machine. The ear shield should be used if the noise is excessive, this may be caused by the sound of the motor (fan) from the store dust collector, or the combination of wood and tools used.
- Hand/skin protection - Gloves should not be used with rotating equipment, as there is always a risk of being tangled in the machine. Nevertheless, some woods provide flakes that not only pierce the skin, but also cause festering and/or skin irritation. Polishing and finishes used in woodturning can also be harmful or irritating to the skin, often containing organic solvents such as methanol, turpentine and toluene. This subject continues to be debated in the community.
- Foot protection - Protective footwear, often steel leather-leg boots, is required for all types of store activity.
A good way to check security before starting a lathe is 'SAFER':
- S - Speed ​​- check rpm speed, slower for big, heavy, faster for lighter stuff. Most authors suggest to always start at a slow pace and rearrange the speed to low at the end of the session.
- A - On the side - make sure you stand on the blank 'firing line' (not in front of the wood).
- F - Materials - check that wood, remnants of tools, etc. installed correctly.
- E - Eye protection - make sure you use enough eye protection.
- R - Revolve - Check if the wood can rotate without encountering any obstructions, such as a break tool, by turning it by hand.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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