Mount Hood , called Wy'east by Multnomah tribes, is a potentially active stratovolcano in the Arctic Arc Cascade in northern Oregon. It is formed by a subduction zone on the Pacific coast and is located in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Located about 50 miles (80 km) east-southeast of Portland, on the border between Clackamas and Hood River County. In addition to being the highest mountain in Oregon, this is one of the most dense mountains in the country based on its superiority.
The altitude set for snow-capped peaks on Mount Hood has varied throughout its history. Modern sources point to three different heights: 11,249 feet (3,429 m), a 1991 adjustment of 1986 measurements by the US National Geodetic Survey (NGS), 11,240 feet (3,426 m) based on the 1993 scientific expedition, and 11,239 feet (3,425.6 m) origin a little older. The peak is home to 12 named glaciers and snow fields. This is the highest point in Oregon and the fourth highest in the Cascade Range. Mount Hood is considered the most volcano in Oregon that is likely to erupt, although historically, explosive eruptions are unlikely to occur. However, the possibility of eruptions in the next 30 years is estimated to be between 3 and 7%, so the US Geological Survey (USGS) characterizes it as "potentially active", but the mountain is informally deemed inactive.
Video Mount Hood
Company Edit
Timberline Lodge is a National Historic Landmark located on the south side of Mount Hood just below Palmer Glacier, with a height of about 6,000 feet (1,800 m).
The mountain has six ski areas: Timberline, Mount Hood Meadows, Ski Bowl, Cooper Spur, Snow Bunny, and Summit. They total over 4,600 acres (7.2Ã, sqÃ, mi; 19Ã, km 2 ) of the ski fields; Timberline offers the only year-long ski lift serving in North America.
Mount Hood is located inside the Mount Hood National Forest, comprising 1,067,043 acre (1.667Ã, sqÃ, mi, 4,318Ã, km 2 ) land, including four designated wilderness areas totaling 314,078 acre (491Ã, sqÃ, mi; 1,271 Ã, km 2 ), and over 1,200 km from the hiking trail.
The most northwest pass around the mountain is called Lolo Pass. Native Americans cross the road when traveling between Willamette Valley and Celilo Falls.
Maps Mount Hood
Name Edit
The Multnomah name for Mount Hood is Wy'east. In a legendary version, the two sons of Great Spirit Sahale fall in love with the pretty girl Loowit, who can not decide which one to choose. Two brave, Wy'east and Pahto, burned forest and village in their battle on it. Sahale became angry and hit the three lovers. Seeing what he had done, he set up three mountain peaks to mark where each fell. He made beautiful Mount St. Helens for the Loowit, proud and founded Mount Hood for Wy'east, and Mount Adams who was grim to Pahto's grief.
There is another version of the legend. In another story, Wy'east (Hood) fought against Pahto (Adams) for a fair La-wa-la-clough (St. Helens). Alternatively, Wy'east, the chief of the Multnomah tribe, compete with Klickitat's chief. Their great anger caused their transformation into a volcano. Their fight is said to have destroyed the Bridge of the Gods and therefore created a huge Cascade Rapids on the Columbia River.
The mountain was named now on October 29, 1792, by Lt. William Broughton, member of Captain George Vancouver's exploration expedition. Lieutenant Broughton observed his peak when in Belle Vue Point from what is now called Sauvie Island during his journey to the Columbia River, writes, "The very high snowy mountains now appear soaring beautifully in the middle of low or very high plains [locations Vancouver today, Washington] stretches S 67 E., and seems to announce a stop to the river. "Lieutenant Broughton named the mountain after Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, British Admiral at the Battle of the Chesapeake.
Lewis and Clark saw the mountain on October 18, 1805. A few days later in the place to be The Dalles, Clark wrote, "The highest peak of the mountain, which we see below the banks of the river, is South 43 degrees west of us and about 37 miles (60 km) At this time it is topped by snow We call it the Waterfall Mountain, or Mount Timm. "Timm is the real name for Celilo Falls. Clark later noted that it was also Mount Hood from Vancouver.
Two French explorers from the Hudson Bay Company may have traveled to the River Ants area east of Mount Hood in 1818. They reported ascending to the glaciers in "Montagne de Neige" ( Snow Mountain ), possibly Eliot Glacier.
Ship Edit
There are two United States Navy munitions vessels named Mount Hood, although the nickname of the mountain is the enemy commander. USS Mount Hood (AE-11) was commissioned in July 1944 and destroyed in November 1944 when it docked at Manus Naval Base, Admiralty Islands. The explosives were lit, leaving 45 people dead, 327 missing and 371 wounded. The second ammunition ship, AE-29, was commissioned in May 1971 and closed in August 1999.
Volcanic activity Edit
The eroded glacial peak area consists of multiple andesitic or dacitic lava domes; Pleistocene collapses and avalanches are produced (move quickly mud) that crosses the Columbia River in the north. The eroded volcano has at least four major eruption periods over the past 15,000 years.
The last three eruptions at Mount Hood occurred within the last 1,800 years of high ventilation on the southwest side and produced deposits distributed mainly to the south and west along the Sandy and Zigzag rivers. The last eruption period occurred about 220-170 years ago, when the dome lava dome, pyroclastic flow and mud flowed without explosive large eruptions. The protruding Crater Stone just below the summit was hypothesized as the remains of one of these now eroded dome. This period included the last major eruption from 1781 to 1782 with a slightly more recent episode shortly before the arrival of the Lewis and Clark explorers in 1805. The latest small eruption occurred in August 1907.
Glaciers on the upper slopes of the mountain may be the source of potentially dangerous dolphins when the next volcano erupts. There are vents near the peak that are known to emit gases such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Prior to the 1980 eruption of Mt. Helens, the only known death associated with volcanic activity in the Cascades occurred in 1934, when a climber choked in poor oxygen air while exploring ice caves melted by fumaroles at Glacier Coalman at Mt. Hood.
Since 1950, there have been several swarms of hoards each year in Mt. Hood, especially in July 1980 and June 2002. Seismic activity is monitored by the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory in Vancouver, Washington, which issues weekly updates (and daily updates if significant eruptions of activity occur in the Cascades volcano).
The latest evidence of volcanic activity at Mount Hood consists of fumaroles near Crater Rock and hot springs on the sides of the volcano.
Altitude Edit
Mount Hood was first seen by European explorers in 1792 and is believed to have maintained a consistent peak height, varying no more than a few feet due to mild seismic activity. Elevation changes since the 1950s are mainly due to improved survey methods and improvements to Earth shape models (see vertical datum reference). Despite the physical consistency, the approximate height of Mount Hood has varied considerably over the years.
Early explorers on the Columbia River estimate the altitude to be 10,000 to 12,000 feet (3,000 to 3,700 m). Two men in the 1854 expedition Thomas J. Dryer calculated the elevation to 18,361 feet (5,596 m) and the tree line was about 11,250 feet (3,430 m). Two months later, Mr. Belden claimed to have climbed the mountain during a hunting trip and assigned it to 19,400 feet (5,900 m) where "the pores bleed, the eyes bleed, and blood rushing from their ears." Sometimes in 1866, Rev. G. H. Atkinson decided to become 17,600 feet (5,400 m). A Portland engineer uses a survey method from the Portland baseline and calculates altitudes between 18,000 and 19,000 feet (5,500 and 5,800 m). Many maps distributed in the late 19th century were cited 18,361 feet (5,596 m), although the Mitchell School Atlas gave 14,000 feet (4,300 m) as true value. For some time, many references assume Mount Hood to be the highest point in North America.
Modern altitude surveys also vary, but not with the large margins seen in the past. A 1993 survey by a scientific side that arrived at the peak with 16 pounds (7.3 kg) of electronic equipment reported a height of 11,240 feet (3,426 m), claimed to be accurate in 1.25 inches (32 mm). Many modern sources also include 11,240 feet (3,426 m) in height. However, many others place a one foot lower peak height, at 11,239 feet (3,426 m). Finally, a height of 11,249 feet (3,429 m) has also been reported.
Glacier Edit
Mount Hood is the host for 12 names of glaciers or snow fields, the most visited of which are Palmer Glacier, partly within the Timberline Lodge ski area and on the most popular climbing route. Glaciers are almost exclusively above the 6,000 ft (1,800 m) level, which is also about the average height of the tree line at Mount Hood. More than 80% of the glacial surface is above 7,000 feet (2,100 m).
The glaciers and permanent snow fields have an area of ​​3,331 hectares (1,348 ha) and contain a volume of about 282,000 acres feet (0.348 km 3 ). The Eliot Glacier is the largest glacier with a volume of 73,000 feet (0.09 km 3 ), and has the thickest depth measured by ice radar at 361 feet (110 m). The largest glacier by surface area is the Coe-Ladd Glacier system in 531 hectares (215Ã, ha).
Glaciers and snow fields cover about 80% of mountains above the 6,900 ft (2,100 m) level. Glacier declined an average of 34% from 1907-2004. The glaciers at Mt. Hood retreated through the first half of the 20th century, advancing or at least slowing down their retreats in the 1960s and 1970s, and have since returned to retreat patterns. Maximum neo-glacial abundance was formed at the beginning of the 18th century.
During the last glacial event between 29,000 and 10,000 years ago, glaciers reached 2,600 to 2,300 feet (790 to 700 m), a distance of 9.3 miles (15.0 km) from the peak. The retreat unleashed much of the washing, some of which filled and flattened the Hood River Valley over near Parkdale and formed Dee Flat.
Older glaciations produce moraines near Brightwood and distinctive wounds on the southeast side; they may date up to 140,000 years ago.
Ascending Edit
Mount Hood is the highest point in Oregon and a prominent landmark is visible up to 100 miles (160 km) away. It has easy access and minimum technical climbing challenges. About 10,000 people try to climb Mt. Hood every year. There is no way to the top. Even the "easy" southern climb route is a technical climb with crevasses, falling rocks, and often bad weather. Ropes, ice axes, crampons and other technical mountain climbing equipment are required. The peak climbing season is generally from April to mid-June.
There are six main routes to approach the mountain with about 30 total variations for summiting. The climbs range in difficulty from grade 2 to class 5.9 (for Acrophobia ). The most popular route, dubbed the southern route, begins at Timberline Lodge and continues up to Palmer Glacier to Crater Rock, a major advantage over the glacier head. The route goes east around Crater Rock and crosses Glacier Coal in Hogsback, the back that stretches from Crater Rock to the approach to the summit. The Hogsback ends at the bergschrund where Glacier Coalman separates from the top of the peak rocks, and then to the Pearly Gates, the gap in the rock top formation, then directly to the top of the plateau and the apt peak.
The technical ice axis, fall protection, and current experience are recommended to try a variation of the left launcher or the Pearly Gates ice disc. The Forest Service recommends some other route options due to changing conditions (eg "Old Chute", West Crater Rim, etc.).
Climb accidents Edit
In May 2002, more than 130 people were killed in hiking-related accidents because records had been deposited on Mount Hood, the first of which was in 1896. The incidents of May 1986, December 2006 and December 2009 attracted intense national and international media attention. Although landslides are a common hazard in other glacial mountains, most of the deaths of Mount Hood climbing are the result of falls and hypothermia. Although there have been four times as many forest visitors since 1990, less than 50 people need rescue per year. Only 3.4 percent of the search and rescue missions in 2006 were for mountain climbers.
Hiking Edit
The Timberline track, which encircles the entire mountain and rises as high as 7,300 feet (2,200 m), was built in 1930 by the Civil Conservation Corps. Typically, 40.7 miles (65.5 km) climbs free of snow from late July until autumn snow begins. Some of the Pacific Crest Trail coincides with the Timberline Trail on the west side of Mount Hood.
The predecessor of the Pacific Crest Trail is the Oregon Skyline Trail, founded in 1920, which connects Mount Hood to Crater Lake.
See also Edit
- The mountain portal
- Portal of the volcano
- List of Ultras from the United States
- Mount Hood Corridor
- Mount Hood Railroad
References Edit
External links Edit
- "Mount Hood". Geographic Name Information System . United States Geological Survey.
- "Mountain Hood". Oregon Encyclopedia
- "Mt Hood history". mounthoodhistory.com.
- " Mount Hood: Climbing to the Top of Oregon ". Oregon Field Guide.
- " Mount of the Past Volcanic Mountain ". Oregon Field Guide.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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