The yard (abbreviation: yd ) is a long unit of English, both in English and US imperial measurement systems, consisting of 3 feet or 36 inches. This was an international agreement in 1959 that was standardized as 0.9144 meters. A metal benchmark initially forms the physical standard from which all other long units are officially derived in both English systems.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, an increasingly powerful microscope and scientific measurements detected variations in this yard prototype that became significant along with technological improvements. In 1959, the United States, Britain, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa agreed to adopt Canada's compromise value of 0.9144 meters per yard.
Video Yard
Name
This name is derived from Old English gerd , gyrd , & amp; c., which is used for branches, sticks, and measuring rods. This was first demonstrated in the Ine of Wessex legislation at the end of the seventh century, where the so-called "land page" was a page, an old British tax assessment unit similar to 1 / 4 Ã, hide. Around the same time, Lindisfarne's Gospel accounts of the emissaries of John the Baptist in the Book of Matthew use them for a branch that is driven by the wind. In addition to the yard, Old and Middle English both use the form of "yard" to indicate the length of the survey 15 or 16 2 / 2 Ã, ft is used in calculating hectares, the present distance is usually known as "trunk".
A unit of three English feet is evidenced in the statutes c. 1300 (see below) but there it is called ell (Latin: ulna , turns on Ã," arm "), a separate unit and is usually about 45 × inches long. Use of the word "yard" ( Central English: ? Erd or ? erde ) to describe this length first proved in Langland's poem about Piers Plowman. The usage seems to come from the standard prototype rod held by the king and his judge (see below).
The word "yard" is a homonym of "page" in the sense of a closed area. The second meaning of this "page" has the etymology associated with the verb "to clothing" and may be unrelated.
Maps Yard
History
Origin
The origin of the size is uncertain. Both Roman and Welsh use a shorter footlip, but the Roman leg is the "step" of the Roman legs, ( gradus ) and 3 Welsh feet are "steps" ( cam ). The Proto-Germanic cubit or arm's length has been reconstructed as * alinÃÆ' Â ¢ , which develops into Old English ? In , the Middle English elne , and the modern ell of 1Ã, Â ° yd. This caused some people to get a three foot English page from pacing; others from ell or pinch; and there are still others from the standard arm of Henry I (see below). Based on another "page" etymology, some people think it comes from a person's waist circumference, while others believe it comes from a cubic size. One official UK report writes:
Standard sizes are always taken either from several parts of the human body, such as legs, arm length, hand ranges, or from other natural objects, such as barleycorn, or other types of grains.. But the yard is the original standard adopted by the early English, and has supposedly erected over the breadth of the Saxon race. The yard continues until the reign of Henry VII, when the ell is introduced, it is a yard and a quarter, or 45 inches. The eagle was borrowed from Paris drapers. Furthermore, however, Queen Elizabeth again introduced the page as a standard English measure.
The earliest notes of prototype size are Act II Edgar Cap.Ã, 8 ( AD 959Ã, x 963), which persisted in some manuscript variations. In it, Edgar the Peaceful directed Witenagemot to Andover that "action held at Winchester" should be observed throughout his territory. (Some manuscripts are read "in London and in Winchester".) William's statute equals me and upholds the standards of his predecessors without mentioning them.
William of Malmesbury The Kingdom of England notes that during the reign of Henry I "the size of his arm was applied to correct the false ell of the merchants and commanded throughout England. "Folklore whose length is limited by the king's nose was added several centuries later. Watson dismisses William's account as "childish" but William is one of the most rigorous and credible medieval historians. The French "king's leg" should have been from Charlemagne, and the British kings repeatedly intervened to force a shorter unit in order to increase tax revenues.
The earliest preliminary definitions of this ell form appear in the Law on Yard Composition and Perch, one of the uncertain date laws while the date to the reign of Edward I or II c. 1300 . His words vary in survival accounts. One reads:
It was determined that 3 grains of dry and round barley made an inch, 12 inches made 1 foot, 3 feet made 1 yard, 5 yard and half made perch, and 40 long and 4 long inches made the acre.
The Liber Horn menyatakan:
And remember that the iron yard of our Lord the King contains 3 feet and no more, and the feet should contain 12 inches with the exact size of this measured page, for wit, the 36th section of this page is properly measured making 1 inch no more or less and 5 yards and half made a perch place that was 16 feet and a half measured by a page above our Lord King.
In some initial books, this action was added to another law from an uncertain date titled Statute for the Measuring of Land. The action is not revoked until the Weight and Size Act 1824.
Yard and inch
In law 1439 (18 Henry VI 16) the sale of fabric by "pages and some" was abolished, and "pages and inches" instituted.
There will be only one Size of Fabric in Nature at Yard and the Inch , and not by Yard and Handful , according to London Measure.
According to Connor, the fabric merchant had previously sold fabric by the yard and a handful to avoid high taxes on the fabric (a handful of extras essentially a black market deal). Enforcement efforts resulted in fabric traders turning to pages and inches, at which point the government gave up and made official pages and officials. In 1552, pages and inches for the measurement of fabric were again subject to sanctions in law (5 & 6 Edward VI Cap. 6. Act for the manufacture of true Wool Fabrics. )
XIV. And that all and all the Woven and Broad Clothes called Taunton Clothes, Bridgwaters, and other Clothes to be made after the Feast at Taunton, Bridgwater or in other such places shall contain the Water in Length between twelve and thirteen Meters, Yard and Inch of the Rule, and in Breadth seven Quarters of a Yard: (2) And any narrow Fabrics made after the Feast in the Cities mentioned or elsewhere such as Similar, shall be contained in Water in Length between three and twenty-five and twenty Yards, Yard and Inch as mentioned earlier, and in Breadth one Yard of Measure; (3) and any such fabrics, separately and narrowly separated, cut down, milled and dried fully, shall be weighed. li Pi piece at least.
XV. And that all the Clothes named Check-Kersie and Straits, which must be made after the Feast should contain wet between seventeen and eighteen Yards, with Inches as mentioned earlier, and in Breadth one Yard at least in Water ; and carded properly, thick, milled and dried completely, must be weighed xxiv. li Pi piece at least.
And once in law 1557-1558 (4 & amp; 5 Philip and Mary Cap. 5. An act of touching the making of woolen clothes. par. IX.)
IX. Item, That every regular kersie mentioned in the action shall contain a length in water between xvi. and xvii. yard, yard and inch ; and dried well thickened, ground, dried and dried completely, should weigh nine kilograms at least:...
Recently in 1593 the same principle was found to be mentioned once again (35 Elizabeth 10. Cap. 10. An action to reform its galalah offense in clothing, called workings or Devonshire dozen, according to the proclamation of the thirty-fourth year of the maternal government we are the Queen's current sovereign. par. III.)
(2) and each and every Devonshire cake or dozen of the same, so crude, and when coming from the weaving loom (without squeezing, stretching, filtering or other means to increase its length) shall contain a length of between fifteen and sixteen yards with size yard and inch by rule,...
Physical standards
One of the oldest existing yard trays is a display of the Taylors Merchant Worshipers Company. It consists of a hexagonal iron rod 5 / 8 inch diameter and 1 / 100 inches from one yard, wrapped in silver bars inscribed 1445. In the early fifteenth century, the Merchant Taylors Company was authorized to "do a search" at the opening of the annual St. Bartholemew's Day Cloth Fair. In the 18th century, Graham compared the Royal Society standard compounds with other standards. This is the "old-no-use" standard created in 1490 during the reign of Henry VII, and a brass and brass ell yard from 1588 in the time of Queen Elizabeth and still used at the time, held at the Treasury; brass yard and brass ell in Guildhall; and the brass yard presented to the Clock Company by the Minister of Finance in 1671. The Exchequer page is considered "true"; variations found to be 1 / 20 to 1 / 15 from one inch, and the additional graduation for the Exchequer page is based on the Royal Society's standards. In 1758, the legislature required the construction of a standard yard, drawn from the standards of the Royal Society and kept by the scribes of the House of Commons; it is divided into legs, one leg becomes inches, and one inch becomes tenth. The copies, but with erect cheeks among other locally-placed measuring devices, are made for the Exchequer for commercial use.
19th century England
Following a Royal Society investigation by John Playfair, Hyde Wollaston and John Warner in 1814, a parliamentary committee proposed defining a standard page based on the length of the pendulum seconds. This idea is checked but not approved. The Weights and Measures Act of 1824 (5 Â ° George IV Cap. 74.) A law to ascertain and establish Uniform Weight and Size provides that:
From and after the First Day May May one thousand eight hundred and twenty-five Straight Line or Distance between the Two Point Centers on the Golden Button of the Straight Brass Bread is now in the Custody Officer of the House of Commons where the Word and Figures "Standard Yard 1760 "engraved shall be and the same is hereby stated as the original and Original Standard of the Long Size or Line Extension called Yard; and that the same Straight Line or Distance between the Centers of the Two Points mentioned in the Golden Stud mentioned in the Brass Rod, Kuningan located at the Sixty-Dual Temperature by Fahrenheit s Thermometer shall become and hereby nominated the Imperial Standards Garden and will be and hereby declared as a Unit or only Standard Extended Measurement, where or from which all Other Measures of any Extension, whether the same line, superficial or solid, shall be obtained, calculated and ensured; and that all Size Lengths shall be taken in Sections or Multiples, or Certain Proportions of the Standard Page; and the third part of the Standard Yard is the Legs, and the Twelve Parts of the Foot will become Inches; and that the Pole or Per Long will contain Five Meters and Half, Furlong Two hundred and Twenty Meters, and Mile One thousand seven hundred and sixty Meters.
In 1834, the main Imperial court page was partially destroyed in a fire known as the Parliament Burning. In 1838, the commission was formed to reconstruct missing standards, including the troy pound, which had also been destroyed. In 1845, a new page standard was built based on two pre-existing standards known as A1 and A2, both of which were created for the Ordnance Survey, and R.S. 46, page of the Royal Astronomical Society. All three have been compared with the Imperial standard before the fire. The new standard is made of metal Baily no. 4 which consists of 16 parts of copper, 2 1 / 2 tin parts, and 1 part zinc. It is 38 inches long and 1 square inch. The Weights and Measures Act of 1855 provides official recognition of the new standards. Between 1845 and 1855 forty standard yards were built, one of which was chosen as the new Imperial standard. The other four, known as Parliament Letterheads, are distributed to The Royal Mint, The Royal Society of London, The Royal Observatory in Greenwich, and New Palace at Westminster, commonly called the Houses of Parliament. Another 35-yard standard is distributed to cities in London, Edinburgh, and Dublin, as well as the United States and other countries (although only five have official statuses). The imperial standard accepted by the United States is known as "Bronze Yard No. 11"
The Weights and Measures Act 1878 affirms the standard status of existing pages, mandates regular intercomparisation between multiple page standards, and authorizes the construction of an additional Parliamentary Copy (created in 1879 and known as Parliamentary Copy VI).
The definition of the page in terms of the meter
This page is equal to 3 feet or 36 inches. Under the agreement in 1959 between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States, the page (known as "international page" in the United States) is legally set to 0.9144 meters.
Further measurements show that the standard of the yard and its copy shrink at a rate of one part per million every twenty years due to the gradual release of strains occurring during the fabrication process. International prototype meters, on the other hand, are relatively stable. Measurements made in 1895 determine the length of the meter at 39.370 113 inches relative to the standard page of the empire. The Weights and Measures (Metric) Act of 1897 together with Order in Council 411 (1898) makes this relationship official. After 1898, the de facto legal definition of the yard was accepted as 36 > from one meter.
In 1959, the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa agreed to adopt the exact international page 0.9144 meters. In England, the terms of the treaty were ratified by the Law of Weights and Sizes of 1963. The Imperial Standard Yard of 1855 was renamed to the British Primary Standard Standard and retained its official status as a national page prototype.
Schedule 2, Part I of the 1985 Weight and Size Act defines the page as 0.9144 meters, and the meter as a light distance runs in 1 / 299 792 458
Current use
This page is used as a standard length field measurement unit in American, Canadian and Association football, cricket field dimensions, and in some countries, golf fairway measurements.
There is an appropriate unit and volume: square page and cubic yard each. It is sometimes referred to simply as a "yard" when there is no possible ambiguity, for example concrete mixers of America or Canada can be marked with a capacity of "9 meters" or "1.5 meters", where cubic meters are clearly called.
Meters are also used and are a legal requirement on road signs for shorter distances in the UK, they are also often found in conversations between Englishmen as in the United States for distance.
One quarter textile and fat
The page, divided into eight, is used for fabric purchases in the United States and United Kingdom and was previously used elsewhere. In the United States the term "fat quarter" is used for a piece of cloth that is half a yard long cut from the coil and then cut again along the width so that only half the width of the roll, so that the same area as a quarter of the page is cut from the full width of the roll; these pieces are popular for patchwork and quilting. The term "eight fat" is also used, for a quarter-page piece of half-width of the roll, the same area with one eighth piece of the roll.
Equivalence
For the purposes of fabric measurement, the starting page is divided by binary methods into two, four, eight and sixteen parts. The two most common divisions are the fourth and sixteen. A quarter of a page (9 inches) is known as a "quarter" without further qualification, while the sixteen pages (2.25 inches) are called nails. The eight pages (4.5 inches) are sometimes called fingers, but are more commonly referred to as only an eighth of a yard, while half a yard (18 inches) is called "half a yard".
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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